Self-study
It has been said that Support understanding a person completely leads one to forgive that person entirely. ██ ███ ████ ██ ███████ ████ ████████ ████████████████ ██ ██████ ███ ██████ ███ ████████ ███████████████████ ███████ ██████████ ██ █████████████
Summarize Argument
The author concludes that complete self-forgiveness is unattainable. He supports this by saying that completely understanding someone leads to completely forgiving them, but complete self-understanding is unattainable.
Identify and Describe Flaw
This is the cookie-cutter flaw of mistaking sufficiency and necessity. The author concludes that complete self-forgiveness is unattainable because complete self-understanding is unattainable. In doing so, he treats “understanding” as necessary for “forgiveness.” But according to his premises, “understanding” is merely sufficient. So negating “understanding” tells us nothing about “forgiveness.”
In other words, the author treats complete understanding as the only way to bring about forgiveness. But maybe it’s possible to forgive yourself completely, even though you can’t understand yourself completely.
15.
A flaw in the reasoning ██ ███ ████████ █████ ██ ████ ████ ████████
a
treats the failure ██ ███████ █ █████████ ████ ██████ █████ █ ██████████ ███████ ██ ██ ██████████ ████ █████████ ██ ███ ████ ███ ██ ███████ ███ ███████
The author treats the failure to satisfy “understanding,” which is sufficient to bring about “forgiveness,” as if satisfying “understanding” is the only way to bring about “forgiveness.” But what if self-forgiveness is attainable, even though self-understanding is not?
b
confuses something that ██ █████████ ███ ██ ██████ ██ █████ ████ █████████ ████ ███████████ ███████ ████ ████ ██████
Actually, the author confuses something that is sufficient for an action to occur with something that is necessary for that action to occur. He doesn’t confuse a conditional claim with a causal claim like (B) suggests.
c
takes for granted ████ █████████ ████ ███ ██████ ████ ████ ██ ██ ████ ███ ██ █████ ████
The author doesn't assume that it’s true that complete understanding leads to complete forgiveness merely because it has been said to be true. He just says that if this is true, then complete self-forgiveness is unattainable.
d
ignores the possibility ████ █ █████ ██ ███████ ██ █████████ ████ ██ ██ ██████ ██ ████████
The argument is about whether complete self-forgiveness and understanding are possible, not whether they are desirable. Also the author seems to acknowledge that complete self-understanding is desirable, even though it’s unattainable.
e
uses the difficulty ██ █████████ █ █████ ██ ███████ ██ █ ██████ ███ ███ ██████████ ██ ██████ ██
The author doesn't make any claims about whether one should or should not attempt to attain self-forgiveness and understanding. Also, he doesn’t argue that self-forgiveness and understanding are simply difficult; he argues that they’re unattainable.