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passage 3
P1
For nearly a century after the discovery in the 1880s that a bacterium, . ██████ █████████ ██████ ████████ ██████████ ████████ ████ ██ ████████ ██ ███ ██████████ ███████ ████ ███ █████ █████ ███ ████ █████████ █████████ ████████ ████ ███ ████████ ██████ ███████ ██████████████ ██ █████ ██████ ██ ████ ███ █████████████ █████ █████████ ███
Scientists' belief ·
Vibrio cholerae (VC), which causes cholara, travels only by human hosts
VC epidemics occur when bacteria spreads through human waste.
Puzzling phenomenon ·
VC pops up in places we thought it had been eliminated
And, where does it go in between epidemics?
P2
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Colwell's discovery ·
Found VC in Chesapeake Bay
Others were skeptical because they thought VC couldn't survive without a human host, and there were no cholera epidemics since 1911.
Colwell's hypothesis ·
VC can survive in seawater, and can't always be detected by traditional methods
Traditional methods involved growing bacteria in a petri dish. Perhaps we can't do this with VC.
Testing Colwell's hypothesis ·
New detection method finds VC in water
Used this method near New Orleans and in Asia. Method involves an antibody that produces light if VC is present.
P3
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Additional findings ·
VC can become dormant and stop reproducing
That's why it sometimes can't be cultured. In this dormant state, VC can survive away from humans. We don't know what awakens VC from a dormant state, but it might be changes in seawater temperature or salinity (saltiness).
Passage Style
Phenomenon-hypothesis
Single position
16.
It can be inferred from ███ ███████ ████ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ████ ████████ ███ ███████████ ██ ███ ████████ ████████ ██
a
V. cholerae cannot ██████ ██ █████ ██ █ █████ █████
b
V. cholerae 's ███████ ██ ████ ████ ██████████ ██ ████████
c
V. cholerae responds █████████ ██ ███████ ██ ███████████ ███ █████████
d
V. cholerae cannot ██ ████████ █████ ███████ █████ ████ ███████ █████ ████ █████ ██████ ██ ██████
e
V. cholerae 's ████ ████████ ████████ ████████ █ ████████ ████ ██████████ █████ ███████████ ██████