Subscription pricing
passage 3
P1
Political arguments about biodiversity and the preservation of endangered species generally assume we know what a species is. ███ █████████ ███ ████████ ██ ████ ███████████ █ ██████ ███████ ███ ████ ████ █ █████████ ███ █████████████ █████████ ███
Context ·
What's a "species"? Arguments about biodiversity assume we know this.
Debate among ornithologists ·
Lumpers vs. splitters
Lumpers group separate, but similar bird populations into a single species. Splitters divide those populations into different species.
Lumpers' perspective ·
Biological species concept
A species is a group that is reproductively isolated from other groups (not a lot of interbreeding in the wild between the groups).
Splitters' perspective ·
Phylogenetic species concept
A species is a population which has a pattern of ancestry and descent. Members of a species have a distinctive, genetically traceable feature.
P2
███ ████ ███████ ██ ███████ █ █████████ █████████████ ███ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ██ █ █████████████ ██████████ ██ █████ █████████ █████ ██ ██████ █ █████████ ██ ████ █ ███████ █████ ██ ███████ █████████████████████ ████████ ███ ████ █████████ ████████████ █████████ ███ █████████████ ██ ███ ███████ ████████ ██ ██████ ███
Intro to Sibley ·
Part of splitters. Used DNA-DNA hybridization.
This technique compares DNA to determine relationships between different groups birds.
Sibley's perspective ·
Many earlier bird classifications were wrong
Examples: American vultures are more related to storks than European vultures. Loons and grebes aren't closely related.
P3
████████ ████ ███ ███ ████ ██████ █████████ █████ ███ ███ ████ ███ ████ ███ ██ ██ █████████████ ██ ███ █████████ ███ █████ ██ ███ ████████ ███████████ █████ ███ ██████ ███ ████████ ████ ███ ███ █████████ █████ ███████████ ██ █████████ ██████████ ██ █████████ ██ ███ ████████ ████ ██ ███ ███████ █████████ ███
One criticism of sibley (not by author) ·
DNA analysis still requires arbitrary interpretation
DNA shows differences between groups. But there's no clear line when those differences signify different species.
Sibley's potential response ·
Acknowledges that "species concept" is slippery
However, for practical reasons, we have to limit the number of species we recognize. (If we said you were a different species from your mom, because you have slightly different DNA, that would lead to billions of different "species" in the world. That's impractical.)
P4
████████ ███ ██████ ██ ████ █████████ ███ ███████ ████████ ███████████ ███ █████████ ███ ████████ ███████
Implications of debate ·
How we answer the species question has political and economic consequences
Example: Increasing number of species would likely increase number of endangered species.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
20.
The passage provides information sufficient ██ ██████ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ██████████
a
When did Charles ██ ██████ █████ █████ ███████ █████████████ ██ ███████ ███████████████
b
What are two ██████████ ██ █████ ██████ ███ ██████
c
What common traits ███ ███████████ ██ ████████ █████ ███ ██████ ██ ███████ ████████
d
What is one █████████ ██ ████████ ████████ ████ ██ ███████ ██████████████ ██████████
e
What is one █████████ ██████ ██████████ ██ █████ ██████████████ ███████ ███ █████████ ████ ██████████