Self-study
P1
The use of criminal sanctions against corporations is well established, but the practice has recently come under fire from legal theorists who maintain that corporations should be held civilly rather than criminally liable for wrongdoing. ███
Intro topic / theorists' perspective ·
Corporations should be subject to civil liability, rather than criminal liability
Similarities between civil and criminal ·
Both punish, try to deter, hurt reputation
Theorists' support ·
Civil liability has benefits over criminal liability
Civil liability can punish in a more calibrated way. Criminal liability causes more harm to society. Civil liability is less expensive than criminal liability.
P2
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Author's response ·
Criminal liability provides stronger deterrent
Criminal liability can reach individual corporate officials. Also, it doesn't need an identifiable victim with enough money to bring a lawsuit. And, it shows society rejects the bad conduct.
P3
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Other theorists' perspective ·
Criminal liability OK, but punish individuals
Individuals are more responsive to deterrence. Fines against a corporation punish the public by causing the corporation to raise prices.
P4
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Author's response ·
Criminal liability against corporations, too
Can be difficult to identify which individuals to punish. Corporations might pay individuals to take the blame. Punishing corporations motivates shareholders to push for better conduct.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
27.
The author would be most ██████ ██ █████ ████ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ███████████
a
In many instances, ████████████ ████ ███ ███ ████████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ ████████ █████████ █████ ██ ████████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ █████ ██████████
Not supported. The author doesn’t suggest that corporations that aren’t deterred by criminal liability would be deterred by civil liability.
b
The main function ██ █████ █████████ ██ ██ ██████ ███████ ████ ██ █████ █████ ██ ██████████ ███████████ ███ █████████ ████████ ███ ██ ███████████
The author doesn’t tell us anything that indicates the main function of civil liability.
c
Currently, corporations are ████ █████ ███████ ██ █████ ██████████ ████ ██ ████████ ████████████
The author doesn’t tell us anything that indicates whether criminal prosecution of corporations is more or less common than civil litigation of corporations.
d
Many people who █████████ ███ ███ ██ ████████ █████████ ██ █████ █████████ ██████████ ███████ ████ ████ ██████████ ██████ ██████ ████ ██ ████████████
Not supported. The author never suggests that some people think corporate wrongdoing rarely harms individuals. There’s just no line in the passage to suggest that there are people who believe corporate wrongdoing rarely hurts individuals.
e
In a significant ██████ ██ ██████ ████████████ ██████ ██ ██████████ ████ ████ ███ ████ ██████ ████ ██████████ █████████ ██ ████