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Medical researcher: Support A new screening test detects certain polyps at such an early stage that it is generally unclear whether the polyps are malignant. ███ ███ ████ ████ █ █████ █████ ██ █████████ █████ ████████ ██ ████ ██████ ██ ████ ████ ██████ ██████████ ████████ █████ ██ █ █████████ ████████ ███ ████ ██ █████ ██████ ████ ███ ███ ██ ██ ██████████ █████ ███ ███ █████████ ████ ███ ██████ █████████ ██████████ ████ ████████ ███ ███ █████████ ██████████
Summary
The author concludes that the screening test can prompt operations that aren’t medically necessary. The reasoning is that while the screening test can detect polyps, it typically cannot tell whether they are malignant. But doctors usually still have the polyps removed, resulting in some non-malignant polyps being removed.
Notable Assumptions
An assumption is that removing polyps that turn out to be non-malignant isn’t medically necessary. We know that removing polyps is a dangerous process and that some polyps turn out to be non-malignant. But we don’t know what makes something medically necessary. It might be that removing the non-malignant polyps is itself medically necessary — maybe even the non-malignant polyps can be harmful.
13.
Which one of the following ██ ██ ██████████ ████ ███ ███████ ████████████ ████████ █████████
a
A surgical operation ████ ██ █████████ ██ █████████ █████████ ████ ███ ████████ █ ███████ █████████ ████ ██ ████ ██████████
b
Surgical removal of ████████████ ██████ ████████ ██ ███ ███ █████████ ████ ██ ███ ██████ █████████ ██████████
c
If the new █████████ ████ ██████████ █████████ ███████████ ███████████ ████ ████████ ██ ██████ ██████ ███ ██ ████ ██ ███ ███ ██████ ██ █████████
d
A polyp detected ██ ███ ███ █████████ ████ ██████ ██ ██████████ ███████ ██ ██ ██ ██████████
e
The screening test ██ █████████ ██████ ████ ████ ██ ███████ █ █████ ████ ████████ ██████████