Self-study
P1
In studying the autobiographies of Native Americans, most scholars have focused on as-told-to life histories that were solicited, translated, recorded, and edited by non-Native American collaborators—that emerged from .
Traditional approach to Native American autobiographies ·
Focused on histories translated, recorded, edited, by non-NA people
Limits of traditional approach ·
Overlooks non-written communications and fact that some NA didn't share European concept of self, life and writing
P2
███ ████ ██ ████ ████ ██ █ ██████ ██ ███████████ ██████ ████████ █████████
Differences in idea of self ·
NA identity involves relation to society and broader world
So, NA expressions of life experiences are more fragmented than European expressions.
Difference in mode of expression ·
NA used oral communication, dance, and drama; not just writing
P3
███ ███ ████ ██ ████████████████ ███ █████████ ███████ ████ ██████████ █ █████████ ████████ ██████ ███ ████ █████████ ██ █ █████████ ██████ ████ ████████████ ███ ███████████████ ███ ███████████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ █ ████ ████ ███ ██████████ ████ ███ ████████████ ███████ ██ ███ ████████ ███████ ███ ███ █████████ ████ ██ █████████████ ████ █████████████████ ███ ██████████ ██ ████ ██████ ██████ ███ ██████ █████ ████ ████ █ █████ ███████ ████ ████████ ███████ ██ ██████ ███ ████████████ ███ ███████ ███ ██████ ██ ███████ ██ ███ ██████ ███ ███ █████ ████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ █████ ██████ ████████
Examples of autobiographical expressions ·
Tattoos, artifacts, painted tepee
These all can symbolize life experiences and desires.
P4
█ █████ ██████ █████ ████ ███████████ ██ ███ ████████████ █████████ ███ ██████ ██████████ ██ ███ ██████ █████ ███ █████████████ ███ ████████ ██ ███████ ██ ███ ██████████ ██ ████ ██████████ ████ █████████████ █████████████ ███ ████
Other influences on autobiographical narrative ·
Tribal participation in expression, European shaping of NA autobiography
Tribes contributed to some autobriographical expressions (like painting of a tepee). And, Europeans who recorded NA autobiographies may have shaped the narrative based on own cultural perspective.
Passage Style
Single position
16.
Which one of the following ████ ██████████ ███████ ███ ███████ ██ ███ ██████
a
written by a ██████ ██ ███ ███████ ███ █████ ██ ███ █████████ ███ ████ ██████████ ██ ███████ ███████
It’s not clear that the non-Native Americans used the artifacts and oral traditions of the Native American culture. In fact, the author points out in P2 and P3 that these kinds of autobiographies overlook oral traditions of Native American culture, which can include songs, chants, and names.
b
written by two ███████ ████ ██ ████ ███████ ██ █ █████████ ███████ ███ ███████████ ██ ███ ████ ███ ██ ███ ████████ ███████
The two people do not contribute in the “same way” to the finished product. The non-Native American translates, records, and edits. The Native American just tells their life history.
c
compiled from the ████████ ██ ██████ ███ ████ ████ █████████ ████████ ███ █████ ██████████ ██████ ██ ██████████
We have no reason to think we cannot determine the identity of the sources for the autobiographies described in the first sentence.
d
written originally by █ ██████ ██ ███ ███████ ███ ██████ ███ ███████ ██ █ ██████ ██ ███████ ███████
The autobiographies described in the first sentence are not originally “written” by Native Americans. Native Americans tell their stories, and non-Native Americans translate, record, and edit.
e
written by a ██████ ██ ███ ███████ ███ █████ ██ ████ █████████████ ██ █ ██████ ██ ███████ ███████
This best captures the meaning of the phrase. Non-Native Americans wrote the autobiographies based on oral recounting of life histories told by Native Americans.