This flaw is actually pretty similar to another question on a past PT that talked about bank deposits and deposits clearing. Knowing about this flaw is crucial for quickly seeing the issue and finding the right answer. We can't assume that people in the stimulus know about the conditional relationship, unless otherwise stated.

AC D is also problematic because it doesn't address the trace elements. Even if the artifacts were made from earlier artifacts, it doesn't address how the trace elements got there. If anything, all AC D says is that the artifacts in question were made from earlier artifacts that came from the gold mines, which just supports the conclusion as the conclusion just says that the gold used was from the same mine.

I think AC A works even if you don't realize that not getting an internship is not a disastrous consequence because the stim asks for overwhelming evidence and AC A says that it MIGHT cause him to not get an internship. Based on this, it's safe to say that the teacher does not have overwhelming evidence. If AC A said that the teacher knows it would affect his chances, then I think you have to analyze the situation to determine whether or not it's disastrous.

However, I think it becomes a slippery slope to make assumptions about what is or isn't disastrous without context. For example, if the student was the sole provider for his family and without the internship, he can't make money to feed his family, we can't assume that it's not disastrous. Again though, this requires context, which makes me a bit hesitant to select AC A based on what it means to be disastrous. I think it's a safer bet to assume that the conditional statement is based on overwhelming evidence of something bad happening and insofar as she thinks it MIGHT happen, she doesn't have overwhelming evidence, which triggers the conditional.

If you have access to the core curriculum, there's an entire section that covers this. For LG, there's essentially a list of words that indicate whether something is sufficient vs necessary. If study the list of words, you should be good for LG. As for LR, it's sometimes a bit more fluid as the English language can be a bit tricky and you'll have to rely on your familiarity with conditional language to parse out tougher sentences.

I understand why AC C is correct but I'm still a bit confused by AC D. Granted that we know nothing of most of the questions posed to scientists, doesn't the end of the stimulus that claims that scientists don't typically answer questions that aren't "subject to such formulation" (referring to questions asked by politicians and leaders) imply that most questions asked are subject to such formulation, meaning that most questions are questions that have been asked by politicians and leaders since those are the questions that have been subject to formulation? #help