Also - even if we took the actual facts of the developers claim to be true (even though that is not the truth of the matter asserted in the statement), it still doesn't explain the phenomena. The phenomena has a gap between the zappers and the insecticide spray. Answer choice E doesn't give a reason why zappers are inferior/insecticide is superior, but rather just listing a feature of the insecticide. Just because it could be safe for birds doesn't mean zappers aren't also safe for birds. From my understanding the best answer choice from this set of facts would have been a good comparison claim between the two products.

The negation /J → F, would translate to if you are not a jedi, then you are a force user. This is creating a different relationship that is not negating the original statement. Think back to J.Y.'s original explanation of negation, that a negation is not the opposite of something but rather just saying "not that". To say /J → F, you are implying the opposite must be true, when in reality negating this claim isn't that strong. To negate the claim, you are saying that the relationship doesn't exist and both can happen at the same time, so instead of J → F, you are saying there is no relationship between being a Jedi and a force user, so (J and /F), you can be a Jedi and not a force user (since it is no longer required as a necessary condition.

Hope this helps.

Right - in the previous lessons, by taking a contrapositive, we are creating an equivalent statement. Here, we are creating a different meaning out of the statement. We are saying that the statement is NOT true, by negating it.

While contrapositives have a negation element to create the new statement, we are not negating the entire statement itself, rather we were creating equal statements in different terms.

A modifier typically answers a who, what, when or how.

Take Question 5 for example, if "in his writings" was a modifier to the object of "the spirit" it wouldn't make much sense. You can't ask how the spirit of what, and answer with "in his writings". However, you can ask captured how, and answer "in his writings".

In the same sense, for the modifier of "through his dramas and poems. You can't think of a who, what, when, or how question that would make "through his dramas and poems" a good answer to the subject "William Shakespeare" but you can think of a who, what, when, or how question that would make the modifier an answer to the verb of captured.

Hope this makes sense <3

Chris drinks coffee

Subject: Chris

Verb: drinks

Object: coffee

Predicate: drinks coffee