@Malili two things—firstly, while sanitation pertains to quality of life, it might not directly impact the environment. second (this is where I went wrong)—the question stem says “avert a negative impact.” meaning, which of these prevents negative environmental impacts? I went too fast on this question and missed the word “avert” and was looking for an AC that would contribute to negative environmental impacts. hope this helps you understand why we can eliminate D!!

@DanielBednar this was really helpful, thank you for posting! I’ve made the same mistake a few times. The author’s use of the word “innovation” to describe carroll and chen’s theory really sold me on answer choice E for this question, but your comment helped me understand how astronomically high the bar is for “zealous."

@flannerymcfadden i’m back to answer my own question. they sure do. nuts.

oh my god i am so dumb. i thought it was asking about the passage B author’s stance.

sure would be nice if i would actually use my eyeballs to take this test. good lord

@calliekoskovich wait, possibly a really stupid question here--is there a practical difference between a question saying "the reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds..." and a question saying "the reasoning in the argument is flawed in that it..."? I've been treating them the same way, as general flaw questions, but do the test makers actually use them in different ways?