Summary
Dairy farmers use BST to boost cow milk production. Some people oppose BST because it puts cows at a higher risk of infection. A higher risk of infections leads to more frequent use of antibiotics, which could appear in milk and be harmful at high levels. Milk from BST and non-BST cows is regularly screened for antibiotics.
Strongly Supported Conclusions
If BST milk is not screened, it cannot be regarded as 100% safe.
If it is safe, then the milk has been scanned.
If it is safe, then the milk has been scanned.
A
Consumer groups have no legitimate reasons for opposing the use of BST.
This is anti-supported. The stimulus explains that some groups are opposed due to the presence of antibodies, which can be dangerous to humans.
B
Milk from BST-treated cows is as safe for human consumption as that from untreated cows.
This is anti-supported. The stimulus raises concerns about the potential for high amounts of antibiotics to be in BST milk.
C
There is no advantage to the use of BST on dairy cows.
This is anti-supported. The stimulus details that BST boosts milk production.
D
Milk from BST-treated cows can be presumed safe for humans only if it is successfully screened for high levels of antibiotics.
The stimulus explains that the notable difference between BST and non-BST milk is the potential increased concentration of antibiotics. Thus, if it is safe for humans, it must have been screened for antibiotics.
E
The only threat posed by drinking milk from cows treated with BST is high levels of antibiotics.
This is too strong to support. The stimulus does not claim that a heightened level of antibiotics is the *only* threat posed by BST milk, just that it is one of them.
Summarize Argument
Attributing the quality of praise or blame to a group must be translated into a statement about individuals. Why? Because groups cannot be worthy of praise or blame. Blameworthiness requires conscience and agency. Nations and families, for example, possess neither of these qualities.
Identify Argument Part
The claim in the third sentence is used as support for a sub-conclusion, which supports the Philosopher’s main conclusion.
A
It is an intermediate conclusion offered as direct support for the argument’s main conclusion.
The claim is not a sub-conclusion. The claim is used as support for a sub-conclusion in the Philosopher’s argument.
B
It is offered as support for an intermediate conclusion that is in turn offered as direct support for the argument’s main conclusion.
The claim supports a sub-conclusion in the Philosopher’s argument.
C
It is cited as an implication of the main conclusion drawn in the argument.
The claim is not an implication the Philosopher is inferring. The claim is stated as fact.
D
It is cited as an instance of a general conclusion drawn in the argument.
The claim does not directly support the Philosopher’s main conclusion.
E
It is the main conclusion drawn in the argument.
The claim is not the Philosopher’s main conclusion.
Summary
Researchers staged a crime and showed a video of it to test subjects. A lineup of “suspects” was then shown to the test subjects. The person playing the criminal in the video was not in this lineup. When the test subjects were not told the suspect may not be in the lineup, most of them misidentified a person in the lineup as the criminal. When the test subjects were told that the suspect may not be in the lineup, less than half of them misidentified a person in the lineup as the criminal.
Strongly Supported Conclusions
The more likely people expect to see something, the more likely people are to think they see something not actually there.
A
Eyewitnesses are no more likely to accurately select a suspect from a lineup than are people who are given an accurate verbal description of the suspect.
This answer is unsupported. There was not a test group in the stimulus where people were given a vernal description of the suspect.
B
People tend to want to satisfy the stated expectations of those who ask them for information.
This answer is unsupported. We don’t know from the stimulus whether the researchers stated to the test subjects that they expected them to identify the suspect in the lineup.
C
When specifically directed by a person of authority to say that something is among a group of things when it is not, most people will comply.
This answer is unsupported. We don’t know from the stimulus whether the researchers specifically directed the test subjects in this way.
D
People fail to recognize the physical similarities among a group of people unless they are given information in addition to visual clues.
This answer is unsupported. We don’t know from the stimulus whether the test subjects failed to recognize any similarities between people.
E
People are less likely to think they see something that is not actually present the less they expect to see it.
This answer is strongly supported. This would explain the effect of the amount of misidentifications decreasing after the information told to the test subjects by the researchers.