Music historian: In the past, radio stations would not play rock songs that were more than three minutes in length. Rock musicians claimed that such commercial barriers limited their creativity, and some critics argue that only since those barriers have been lifted has rock music become artistic. In fact, however, when these barriers were lifted, the standards for song structures broke down and the music became aimless, because the styles from which rock derived were not well suited to songs of extended length.

Summary

Usually, radio stations do not play rock songs longer than three minutes. Rock musicians argue that this time constraint limited their creativity, and some critics argue that rock music has become artistic only because this time constraints have been lifted. However, song structures began to break down and music became aimless when the time constraints were lifted. This is because the styles that are the basis of rock music are not well suited for songs of extended length.

Strongly Supported Conclusions

In some cases, rock music can benefit from time constraints rather than be harmed by them.

A
Rock music is not a good outlet for creative musicians who have a great many ideas.

This answer is unsupported. To say that rock music is not a good outlet for creativity is too extreme. We only know rock musicians argue that time constraints limit creativity, not eliminate creativity entirely.

B
Rock music must borrow from styles more conducive to songs of extended length if it is to become artistic.

This answer is unsupported. To say that rock music must borrow from other styles is too extreme. We don’t know from the stimulus if there are any styles that are suited for songs of extended length.

C
Rock music requires more discipline than some other forms of music.

This answer is unsupported. We are not told anything about other forms of music in order to make this comparison.

D
Rock music can sometimes benefit from the existence of commercial barriers rather than being harmed by them.

This answer is strongly supported. We know from the stimulus that, after time constraints were lifted, song structures began to break down. Therefore, rock music benefited at least somewhat from the time constraints.

E
Rock music is best when it is made by musicians who do not think of themselves as being self-conscious artists.

This answer is unsupported. We don’t know from the stimulus under what circumstances rock music is the best.


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Winds, the movement of gases in the atmosphere of a planet, are ultimately due to differences in atmospheric temperature. Winds on Earth are the result of heat from the Sun, but the Sun is much too far away from Jupiter to have any significant impact on the temperature of Jupiter’s atmosphere. Nevertheless, on Jupiter winds reach speeds many times those of winds found on Earth.

"Surprising" Phenomenon
Winds on Earth are the result of heat from the Sun, yet winds on Jupiter are significantly stronger despite not being caused by the Sun.

Objective
The right answer will be a hypothesis that explains how winds on Jupiter are generated, and why those are stronger than winds on Earth. The hypothesis must show that winds can be caused by something other than the Sun’s heat.

A
Unlike Earth, Jupiter’s atmosphere is warmed by the planet’s internal heat source.
Rather than the Sun’s heat, Jupiter’s wind is caused by the planet’s internal heat source. This internal heat source could certainly have a stronger effect on Jupiter’s atmosphere than the Sun does on Earth’s atmosphere. Thus, Jupiter has stronger winds than Earth.
B
Jupiter’s atmosphere is composed of several gases that are found in Earth’s atmosphere only in trace amounts.
We don’t know enough about these gases for this to explain the surprise in the stimulus. We need to know how these gases are moved around by difference in atmospheric pressure, which on Earth is caused by the Sun.
C
Gaseous planets such as Jupiter sometimes have stronger winds than do rocky planets such as Earth.
We already know Jupiter has stronger winds than Earth does. We need to know how that’s possible, given that the Sun can’t cause winds on Jupiter like it does on Earth.
D
There are more planets that have winds stronger than Earth’s than there are planets that have winds weaker than Earth’s.
This doesn’t tell us how Jupiter’s winds are generated. It doesn’t matter how many planets in the universe have stronger winds than Earth.
E
Planets even farther from the Sun than Jupiter are known to have atmospheric winds.
This doesn’t explain how winds are generated on Jupiter or planets further from the Sun, which is what we need to explain the surprise in the stimulus.

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