Summary
Sexual reproduction occurs when the gamete of a male and the gamete of a female unite and form a genetically unique cell.
Each gamete contributes equally to the genetic material in nucleus of the new cell.
The genetic material in the cytoplasm of the new cell comes exclusively from the female’s gamete.
GM62 is genetic material found only in the cytoplasm.
Each gamete contributes equally to the genetic material in nucleus of the new cell.
The genetic material in the cytoplasm of the new cell comes exclusively from the female’s gamete.
GM62 is genetic material found only in the cytoplasm.
Notable Valid Inferences
GM62 comes from the female’s gamete.
A
All female organisms contribute GM62 to their offspring.
This could be false. We know that GM62 can only come from female organisms, but we don’t know that all female organisms contribute GM62 to their offspring. Coming from a female organism is a necessary, not sufficient, condition for contributing GM62.
B
Only female organisms can contribute GM62 to their offspring.
This must be true. We know that only female organisms can contribute GM62 because only female organisms contribute the genetic material in the cytoplasm, and GM62 is found only in the cytoplasm.
C
Genetic material is evenly divided between the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a new cell.
This could be false. We have no information to indicate the breakdown of genetic information between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
D
The role of the male gamete in sexual reproduction is less important than the role of the female gamete.
This could be false. The stimulus does not provide any information about relative importance of different gametes.
E
It is likely that other types of genetic material that are contributed exclusively by the male gamete will be identified.
This could be false. The stimulus does not provide any information to indicate what kinds of genetic material will be identified in the future.
Summarize Argument: Counter-Position
It’s not surprising to say that animals can use tools because all animals use them. If an animal uses something outside its body to help it do something, the animal is using a tool. For example, birds use twigs as tools to build nests, fish use mud as a tool to hide from predators, and squirrels use buildings as tools to move quickly between trees.
Identify Argument Part
The stimulus text refers to the argument's main conclusion: It’s not surprising to say that animals can use tools.
A
It provides evidence that the animals’ activities given as examples are purposeful.
The stimulus text is the argument’s main conclusion. It does not provide evidence for any other statement in the argument. Additionally, the stimulus does not offer evidence that the animals’ activities given as examples are purposeful, so no statement fulfills that role.
B
It is the conclusion of the argument.
This describes the role of the stimulus text in the overall argument. The author provides context about an announcement that biologists frequently make, concludes that the announcement is unsurprising, and then spends the rest of the stimulus explaining why it is unsurprising.
C
It is an assumption used by the argument to justify acceptance of a broader conception of what a tool is than that usually accepted by the biologists.
The stimulus text is the argument’s main conclusion. It is not an assumption—an unstated premise—of the argument. As the main conclusion, all the other statements in the stimulus support it; it doesn’t support or justify any other statement in the stimulus.
D
It calls into question the basis of the biologists’ conception of a tool.
The stimulus text is the argument’s main conclusion, stating that the biologists’ announcements are “unsurprising.” It does not question the biologists’ definition of a tool; it simply notes that many animals use tools.
E
It addresses a weakness in the biologists’ announcements that stems from their ambiguous use of the word “external.”
The stimulus text is the argument’s main conclusion, which simply states that the biologists’ announcements are “unsurprising.” The stimulus does not argue that the announcements are weak or that the biologists use “external” ambiguously.