Researchers working in Western Australia have discovered the oldest fragments of the Earth’s early crust that have yet been identified: microdiamonds. These microscopic crystals measure only 50 microns across and were formed 4.2 billion years ago. This discovery sheds light on how long it took for the Earth’s crust to form, since this date is only 300 million years after the formation of the Earth itself.

Summary

Western Australian researchers have discovered microdiamonds, the oldest fragments of the Earth’s early crust yet identified. These microscopic crystals were formed 4.2 billion years ago, only 300 million years after the formation of the Earth itself. This discovery sheds light on how long it took for Earth’s crust to form.

Notable Valid Inferences

Earth’s crust did not take longer than 300 million years to begin to form.

A
The Earth’s crust took no longer than 300 million years to start to form.

Must be true. We know this because the microdiamonds researchers found were part of the Earth’s early crust. If the microdiamonds existed 300 million years after Earth itself was formed, then Earth’s crust must have taken no longer than 300 million years to begin to form.

B
The Earth’s crust first formed in the area that is now Western Australia.

Could be false. To claim this is where the Earth’s crust first formed is too extreme. We only know that the microdiamonds the researchers found are the oldest fragments to be found to date. It is possible there exists older fragments that have not yet been found.

C
The Earth’s crust took billions of years to form.

Must be false. We know the microdiamonds the researchers found were part of Earth’s early crust, and these existed only 300 million years after the formation of Earth.

D
Microdiamonds were the first components of the Earth’s crust to form.

Could be false. To claim microdiamonds were the first components is too extreme. We only know that they are the oldest fragments identified to date. It is possible that older fragments exist that have not yet been identified.

E
All naturally occurring microdiamonds were formed at the time the Earth’s crust was being formed.

Could be false. To claim all microdiamonds were formed at this time is too extreme. It is possible that there are other naturally occurring microdiamonds that formed after the ones the researchers identified.


21 comments

Ostrich farming requires far less acreage than cattle ranching requires, and ostriches reproduce much faster than cattle. Starting out in cattle ranching requires a large herd of cows, one bull, and at least two acres per cow. By contrast, two pairs of yearling ostriches and one acre of similar land are enough to begin ostrich farming. The start-up costs for ostrich farming are greater, but it can eventually bring in as much as five times what cattle ranching does.

Summary
Ostrich farming requires less land than cattle farming. Ostriches reproduce faster than cattle. Starting in cattle ranching requires a large herd of cows, a bull, and at least two acres per cow. Starting in ostrich farming requires two pairs of yearling ostriches and one acre of land. The start-up costs for ostrich farming is greater than that for cattle farming. Ostrich farming can eventually yield five times the returns as cattle farming.

Strongly Supported Conclusions
Ostrich farming allows farmers to eventually produce greater yields with less land than cattle ranching. Two pairs of yearling ostriches plus one acre of land is more expensive than a large herd of cows, a bull, and two acres per cow.

A
Two pairs of yearling ostriches are more expensive than a herd of cows and a bull.
This is strongly supported since we know that the start-up costs for ostrich farming is higher than that for bull farming, and starting an ostrich farm requires two pairs of yearling ostriches compared to a herd of cows and a bull for cattle ranching.
B
Cattle ranching is not a good source of income.
This is unsupported because even though ostrich farming may yield greater returns than cattle farming (relative statement), cattle farming could still be a good source of income (absolute statement).
C
A cow consumes no more feed than an ostrich does.
This is unsupported because the stimulus never clearly tells us how much cattle and ostriches need to eat.
D
The average ostrich farm generates almost five times as much profit as the average cattle ranch.
This is unsupported because while ostrich farming could potentially yield five times that of cattle ranching, we don’t know that the average ostrich farm is productive enough to reach these maximum possible gains.
E
Ostrich farmers typically lose money during their first year.
This is unsupported because although the startup costs are higher for ostrich farming than cattle farming, it is possible that both are profitable in their first year.

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