Summary
Physical education should teach people to pursue healthy lifestyles. But focusing on competitive sports causes most of the less competitive students not to pursue sports. This results in these students not exercising enough to stay healthy.
Strongly Supported Conclusions
noncompetitive activities should be taught in physical education.
A
Physical education should include noncompetitive activities.
This answer is strongly supported. If competitive sports causes non-competitive students not to pursue sports, then physical education should include noncompetitive activities to teach these students to pursue a healthy lifestyle.
B
Competition causes most students to turn away from sports.
This answer is unsupported. We don’t know from the stimulus whether competition causes most students to turn away. We only know that competition causes most non-competitive students to turn away.
C
People who are talented at competitive physical endeavors exercise regularly.
This answer is unsupported. The stimulus doesn’t address the group of students that excel at competitive sports.
D
The mental aspects of exercise are as important as the physical ones.
This answer is unsupported. We don’t know from the stimulus what aspects of exercise are important.
E
Children should be taught the dangers of a sedentary lifestyle.
This answer is unsupported. The stimulus only addresses what physical education should accomplish for students.
"Surprising" Phenomenon
Why did indigenous Australians and indigenous Tasmanians develop such different cultures and technologies within 2,000 years of being separated?
Objective
The correct answer must fail to explain why indigenous Australians developed technologies that indigenous Tasmanians did not. Every wrong answer, meanwhile, will offer a difference between the groups explaining why their cultures and technologies diverged.
A
After the disappearance of the land bridge the indigenous Tasmanians simply abandoned certain practices and technologies that they had originally shared with their Australian relatives.
This is a difference between the groups that explains the technological discrepancy. Both cultures were positioned to make the developments in question, but the indigenous Tasmanians gave up some tools and practices.
B
Devices such as the spear-thrower and the boomerang were developed by the indigenous Tasmanians more than 10,000 years ago.
This deepens the mystery. Indigenous Tasmanians invented these technologies, yet they were absent from Tasmanian society 2,000 years later.
C
Technological innovations such as fishing nets, polished stone tools, and so on, were imported to Australia by Polynesian explorers more recently than 10,000 years ago.
This explains the technological discrepancy. Polynesian explorers are responsible, because they introduced technologies to indigenous Australians but not to indigenous Tasmanians.
D
Indigenous people of Australia developed hunting implements like the boomerang and the spear-thrower after the disappearance of the land bridge.
This contributes to an explanation of the technological discrepancy. Indigenous Australians developed these tools after the land bridge disappeared, so they were not introduced to indigenous Tasmanians.
E
Although the technological and cultural innovations were developed in Australia more than 10,000 years ago, they were developed by groups in northern Australia with whom the indigenous Tasmanians had no contact prior to the disappearance of the land bridge.
This contributes to an explanation of the technological discrepancy. Indigenous Tasmanians were not introduced to the developers of these technologies before the land bridge disappeared.
"Surprising" Phenomenon
Why did people who received the hepatitis A vaccine exhibit symptoms of hepatitis A?
Objective
A hypothesis resolving this discrepancy must reveal new information about the group who received the vaccine. It should either indicate their infection with hepatitis A prior to inoculation or distinguish between the hepatitis A virus and the symptoms it causes.
A
The placebo did not produce any side effects that resembled any of the symptoms of hepatitis A.
This does not imply that the vaccine did produce such side effects. It refers to placebo recipients only, and does not address the discrepancy, which involves only vaccine recipients.
B
More members of the group that had received the placebo recognized their symptoms as symptoms of hepatitis A than did members of the group that had received the vaccine.
This is irrelevant information. There is no indication that participants self-reported their symptoms, so this difference in attribution between the groups would not have affected the study.
C
The people who received the placebo were in better overall physical condition than were the people who received the vaccine.
This does not explain why people who received the vaccine developed hepatitis A symptoms. The discrepancy is not between the two groups, but between the vaccine's complete effectiveness and the hepatitis A symptoms among the people who received it.
D
The vaccinated people who exhibited symptoms of hepatitis A were infected with the hepatitis A virus before being vaccinated.
This resolves the apparent paradox by explaining that vaccine recipients were infected prior to inoculation. It is consistent because the author gives no information about the vaccine's effect on patients already infected with hepatitis A.
E
Of the people who developed symptoms of hepatitis A, those who received the vaccine recovered more quickly, on average, than those who did not.
This does not explain how vaccine recipients developed symptoms in the first place. If the vaccine is completely effective, patients who received it should not have contracted hepatitis A.
Nutritionist: Many people claim that simple carbohydrates are a reasonable caloric replacement for the fatty foods forbidden to those on low-fat diets. This is now in doubt. New studies show that, for many people, a high intake of simple carbohydrates stimulates an overproduction of insulin, a hormone that is involved in processing sugars and starches to create energy when the body requires energy, or, when energy is not required, to store the resulting by-products as fat.
Summary
A Nutritionist argues that consuming a high amount of simple carbohydrates is not a suitable replacement for the fatty foods people give up while on a diet. This is because carbohydrates can lead to the overproduction of insulin, which stores excess energy as fat.
Strongly Supported Conclusions
Those on diets should not replace fatty foods with a high intake of carbohydrates in order to lose weight.
A
People on low-fat diets should avoid consumption of simple carbohydrates if they wish to maintain the energy that their bodies require.
The stimulus does not say anything about “maintaining energy.” The nutritionist is focused on how excess carbohydrates lead to the accumulation of more fat.
B
People who produce enough insulin to process their intake of simple carbohydrates should not feel compelled to adopt low-fat diets.
The stimulus says nothing about people who produce enough insulin. The Nutritionist is focused on people who were on low-fat diets and are considering switching to a high-carb diet
C
People who consume simple carbohydrates should limit their intake of foods high in fat.
This is too strong to support. The Nutritionist does not suggest limiting the intake of high-fat foods for those who consume simple carbohydrates. It focuses on the effects of simple carbohydrates, not fats.
D
People who wish to avoid gaining body fat should limit their intake of foods high in simple carbohydrates.
The stimulus supports the idea that those who want to avoid gaining fat should limit their intake of carbs because these can cause an overproduction of insulin, which leads to more fat.
E
People who do not produce an excessive amount of insulin when they consume foods high in simple carbohydrates will not lose weight if they restrict only their intake of these foods.
This is far too specific and strong to support. The Nutritionist does not claim that only restricting carbs will/will not result in weight loss. It is only talking about consuming an excess of carbs