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After several attempts to distract his young parrot from chewing on furniture, George reluctantly took an expert's advice and gently hit the parrot's beak whenever the bird started to chew furniture. ███ ████ ███████ ███████ ██████████ ███ ██ ██ ███ ██████ ██ █████ ███ ████ █████████ █████ █████ ███████ ██ ███ █████████ █████ ███ ████ ████ ███ █████ ██████ ██████ ███ ████ ███ ███
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Summary
George’s use of physical discipline on a pet was not justified, but Carla’s was.
In George’s case, it was not justified because the discipline did not prevent harm to the animal.
In Carla’s case, it was justified because the discipline prevented the animal from running into the street.
Missing Connection
The author makes two judgments, but doesn’t explicitly provide the same principle for doing so. What’s the common denominator? Harm to animals. George doesn’t prevent harm, so he isn’t justified; Carla does prevent a risk of harm (dog running into the street), so she is justified. The principle “if you are justified in disciplining an animal, you must be preventing harm to it” would guarantee the author’s conclusion in both cases. (Carla satisfies both conditions, George fails both conditions—i.e., he satisfies the contrapositive.)
12.
Which one of the following ███████████ ██ ████████████ █████ ███████ ███ █████████ █████ ████████ ███ ███████ ████████
a
When disciplining an ██████ ███████████ █ ███████ ██████ ███ ██ ██████ ████ ██ █ ██████ ██ █████████ ██ █████ ██████ ███ ██████ ██████████ ██ ██████
b
When training an ███████ ████████ ██████████ ██████ ██ ████ ████ ████ ████ ██████████ ██ █████████ ██ ███████ ████████ ████ █████ ██████ ██ ███████ ████ ██ ███ ███████
c
Using physical discipline ██ █████ ██ ██████ ██ █████████ ████ ████ ███ ███████████ ██████████ ███ ██████████ ███████████ ████████ ████ ███████
d
Physical discipline should ███ ██ ████ ██ ████████ ████████
e
Physical discipline should ███ ██ ████ ██ ██ ██████ ███████ ██████ ██ ███████ ██████████ ████████ █████████