PT106.S4.P2.Q9 > Analytics

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Long after the lava has cooled, the effects of a major volcanic eruption may linger on. ██ ███ ██████████ █ ████ ██ ████ ████ ███ ████████ ████ ████████ ███ ██████ ██████ ███ █████ ███ ███████ ███ ██████ ███████████ ████ █████████ ███████ ████ ████ ████ ███ █████ ██████ ████████ ██ ████ █ ████████ █████████ ██ ███████ ████████ ███

Researcher's perspective · Effects of a major volcanic eruption can chill Earth by blocking sunlight

Researcher's example · Tambora volcano eruption in 1815

Some think this caused colder weather in parts of North American the next year.

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Mass and Portman (M and P) perspective · Volcano effect on climate not as strong as previously believed

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Complicating factor · El Nino can magnify the apparent cooling effect of a volcano

El Nino causes temporary warming, which fades away. If eruption happens during warming, that might hide the actual effect of the volcano. But, if eruption happens while El Nino warming is fading away, that makes effect of eruption seem larger than it is.

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Correcting for complicating factor · Show volcanos don't cause as much cooling as previously thought

After M and P subtracted effect of El Nino, found (1) minor eruptions have no discernible effect on temperature; (2) major eruptions cause smaller drop than expected in hemisphere of the eruption, and an even smaller drop in the other hemisphere.

Other researchers' perspective · Climatic feedback loops can make small cooling effect turn into larger one

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Climatic feedback loop · Small temperature drop leads to causal chain of effects that could lead to major cooling in a region

Delayed melting of snow leads to more sunlight reflected, which affect jet stream...at this point I'm not focusing too much on the details. We can come back to this paragraph if we're asked about the climatic feedback loop.

Passage Style

Critique or debate

Phenomenon-hypothesis (RC)

Which one of the following ████ ██████████ █████████████ ████ ███ ██████ ██ ███ ███████ █████ ██ █ ███████ ████████ ████████ ███████ ████████ ██ ███ █████ ███████████

Question Type

Meaning in context (of word, phrase, or idea)

Structure

Read around the referenced text to help understand the meaning of “minor” eruption. Notice that in the sentence immediately after the mention of minor eruptions, the author says, “major, dust-spitting explosions” cause a smaller temperature drop than expected in a hemisphere. This suggests that “minor” eruptions are those that are not “dust-spitting explosions.”

an eruption that ████████ ████ ████ ████ ██████ ████████ ██ ██ ████████ ███

The author never connects the use of “minor” to the amount of lava produced.

an eruption that ███ ████ ██ ██ ██████ ██ ██████ ███████████ ████ ██████ ████████ ██ ██ ████████ ███

Although it’s true that minor eruptions have less effect on global temperature than Krakatau or El Chichon did, this isn’t the intended meaning of “minor.” The author contrasts minor eruptions with “major, dust-spitting explosions.” The contrast is based on the amount of dust emitted, not on temperature.

14%

an eruption whose ██████ ██ ████████ ███████████ ███ ██ ██████ ██ ██████████ ██ ███ ██████████ ██ ███ ████████

The author doesn’t define minor by relating an eruption to the ability of its effect on temperature to be masked.

an eruption that ██████████ █ ██████████ █████ ██████ ██ ██████ ████ ███ ██████████

This best captures the meaning, because the author contrasts minor eruptions with “major, dust-spitting explosions.”

76%

an eruption that ██████ ███████ ███████████ ██ ███ ██████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ ████ ██ ████ ████ ████ █ ██████ ██████████

The author doesn’t define minor by relating it to a decrease in temperature of less than half a degree centigrade. Minor eruptions actually have “no discernible effect on temperature.”

PrepTest 106 - Section 4 - Passage 2 - Question 9

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