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Thurgood Marshall's litigation of . █████ ██ █████ ██ █████████ ██ ██████████ ████████ █████ ███████ ██ █████ ████ ████ ███████████ ███████ ██ ██████ ██████ ██████ █████████████ ███ ███ █████ ████ ██████ ███ ████ ███████ ██████ ████ █████ ████████ █████ ████ ███ █████ ██ █████████ ██ ███ █████ ██ ███ ███████ █████ ██████ ███ ██████████ ████████ ███ █████████████ ██ ██████ ███████ ████ █████████ ███████████ ██ ████ █████ ███████████ █████ ██ █████ ██████████ ███ █████ ████████ ██ ███ ███████████ ██ ██████████████ ███████ ███████ █████████ ████ █████ ███ ███ ███ ███████ ██ ██████

Legal scholars' perspective · Thurgood Marshall succeeded in Brown v. Board because of past litigation

Marshall had other cases in Supreme Court prior to Brown v. Board (which made segregation illegal in public schools).

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Historical context · NAACP was divided on how to attack doctrine of "separate but equal"

One potential approach · Argue that facilities were not in fact equal

Goal fo this approach was improving opportunity for African Americans and improving facilities themselves.

Second potential approach · Argue that "separate but equal" was self-contradictory

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Marshall's strategy · Second approach is correct, but need to try first approach first to prepare courts to accept second

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Application of Marshall's strategy · Evolved way to go from individual instances of inequality to broader social argument

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Shelley v. Kraemer · Marshall used sociological data to show that individual transactions constitute pattern of discrimination

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Connection between Shelley and Brown · Use of sociological data in Shelley helped court to accept same kind of data in Brown

Passage Style

Single position

Spotlight

According to the passage, sociological ████ █████████ ██ ████████ ██ ███████ ██ ███████ ██████ ████

numerous examples of ██████████ ██████████████ ██████████ ████████ ██ ██████ ███████ ████████ ██ █ ███████ ███████ ██ ██████████████

Shelley v. Kraemer involved housing discrimination, not discrimination in public schools.

numerous examples of ██████████ ██████████████ ████████████ ██ ███████ ███████ ████████ ██ █ ███████ ███████ ██ ███████ ██████████████

Supported.

90%

the legal requirement ███ █████ █████████ ██ ████████ ███ ███ ██████████ ██ ███████ ████████████

This isn’t what we’re told Shelley v. Kraemer demonstrated. The data in Shelley v. Kraemer demonstrated that individual transactions involving housing discrimination by private parties constituted a pattern of insupportable discrimination.

the pattern of ██████████████ ██ ███████ ████████████ ███ ███ ██ ██████████ ██ █████████ █████████

We’re not told that Shelley v. Kraemer involved discrimination that was due to unequal financial resources. Financial resources aren’t mentioned in connection with Shelley v. Kraemer.

the pattern of ██████████████ ██ ███ ██████████ ████████ ██ ██████ ███████ ███ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ █████████████ ██████████████ ██ ███████ ████████████

The data in Shelley v. Kraemer related to housing discrimination, not public schools. Although lawyers and others might argue that the logic of Shelley v. Kraemer should also apply to public schools, the question asks us what the sociological data showed, not how Shelley v. Kraemer might be relevant or helpful to arguments in the public school context.

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PrepTest 115 - Section 1 - Passage 2 - Question 8

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PrepTest 115 - Section 1 - Passage 2 - Question 8

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