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passage 2
P1
In many bilingual communities of Puerto Rican Americans living in the mainland United States, people use both English and Spanish in a single conversation, alternating between them smoothly and frequently even within the same sentence. ████ █████████████████ ███████████████████ ██████ ██ █████████ ████████████ ███
Phenomenon ·
Code-switching
Puerto Rican Americans use both English and Spanish in a single conversation, smoothly alternating between them.
Explanation ·
Most instances of code-switching can be explained by situational or rhetorical factors
Some exceptional cases of code-switching cannot be explained.
P2
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Explanation ·
Domains or social context determine whether code-switching occurs
Main factors are setting, participants, and topic which combine into five domains: family; friendship; religion; education; and employment.
Experimental Setup ·
To test effects of domains on code-switching
Researchers create hypothetical situations with 2 congruent factors or 2 incongruent factors. Then, researchers ask students to determine the third factor and which mixture of language they would use.
Results ·
2 congruent factors
Prompted with participants: parent and child and topic: how to be a good son or daughter. Students chose setting as home and language was Spanish only.
Results ·
2 incongruent factors
Prompted with participants: priest and parishioner and setting: beach, students disagreed on third factor and mix of language.
P3
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Exceptions ·
Unexplained code-switching
Sometimes the domain predictions about code-switching are wrong.
Example ·
One family at home
Family thought they spoke only English but they code-switched to Spanish (even when situational factors didn't change) to express certain attitudes like intimacy or humor more emphatically.
Passage Style
Phenomenon-hypothesis
Single position
6.
Which one of the following ████ ██████████ █████████ ███ ████ █████ ██ ███ ████████
a
The lives of ██████ █████ █████████ ███ ████████ ██ ███████ ████ ██ ███████████████
b
It is not ██████ ████████ ██ ███████ ███ ██████████████ ██████ ██ █████████████ █████ ██████ █████ ██████████
c
Rhetorical factors can ███████ ████ █████████ ██ ██████████████ █████ ██████ █████ █████████ ████ ███ ███████████ ████████
d
Studies of bilingual ███████████ ██ ██████ █████ █████████ ████ ██████ █████████ ██ ██████ ████ ██ █████ ███████ █████ ███████████████
e
Most code-switching among ██████ █████ █████████ ███ ██ █████████ ██ ██████ ███████████ ███ ██████████ ████████