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passage 2
P1
Mechanisms for recognizing kin are found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms, regardless of an organism's social or mental complexity. ████████████ ██ ███ ███████ █████████████ ██ █████ ██████████ ████ ██████ ████ ███████████ █████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ ███ ███ ███████████ ██████ ██ ████ ███
Phenomenon ·
Many plants and animals can recognize "kin" (relatives)
Inclusive fitness hypothesis ·
Organisms transmit genetic material through relatives (not just offspring)
Contrast inclusive fitness with traditional view of evolution. Under traditional view, natural selection favors those with the most offspring. Inclusive fitness suggests natural selection also favors organisms who help their relatives (because this helps spread the organism's own genes).
Inclusive fitness applied ·
Helps to explain why social insects like bees evolved
P2
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Inclusive fitness applied ·
Theory predicts that cannibals will avoid eating their own relatives
Example of theory applied to cannibals ·
Spadefood toad tadpoles
Some tadpoles eat their own species. But they nip at other tadpoles before eating, and end up eating only nonsiblings. Suggests they're trying to avoid eating their kin. But, they're more likely to eat kin when they're very hungry.
P3
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Other explanations for kin recognition ·
Inclusive fitness theory isn't the only explanation
Example showing other explanation ·
Tiger salamander larva
Some larva are cannibals. The bacteria are more deadly to close relatives, because the relatives have a similar immune system to the infected larva. So, when tiger salamanders avoid eating their close relatives, it could be because they just don't want to die from the bacteria in their relatives. This is about the organism's individual self-interest, not about trying to increase overall genetic representation.
Passage Style
Phenomenon-hypothesis
Single position
13.
The passage states which one ██ ███ █████████ █████ ███ ██████████ ████ ██████ █████████ ██ █████████ █████ █████ ███████ ██████████
a
The mechanisms are ████ ██████ █████████ ██ ██ ██████ ████ ████ ████ █ ███████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ██████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██████ ██ ██████ █████████████
b
The mechanisms have ██████ ████ ███████ ███████████ █████████ ████████ ██ ███ ███████ ████ ██████
c
The mechanisms have ██████ ███ █████ ██ ███████████ █████████ ████ █████ ███ ██████
d
The detailed workings ██ █████ ██████████ ████ ██ ██████ ██████████ ██████ █████ ███████ ███ ██ █████ ██████████
e
The mechanisms operate ███████████ ██ █████████ ███████ ████ ████ ████ █████ ███████ ███ ████ █████████