This suggests why Healy’s might want to deliberately mislead bidders, but it doesn’t address whether Healy’s actions were, in fact, deliberate.

Irrelevant. This provides no information on Healy’s intentions when it described the vase inaccurately. The preferences and behavior of collectors don’t give us any insight into whether Healy’s actions were deliberately misleading.

This means Healy’s violated its own policy when it noted the vase’s age in its description, but violation of policy is irrelevant to the question of whether Healy’s is guilty of misrepresentation. (C) doesn’t address whether Healy’s attempted to mislead anyone.

Irrelevant. This provides no information on Healy’s intentions when it described the vase inaccurately. Also, we don’t know whether the vase’s description was certified by independent experts.

This is the only answer choice that gives insight into Healy’s intentions and does the most to suggest that Healy’s deliberately tried to mislead bidders when it described the vase inaccurately. Healy’s dated the vase purely to drive up the price bidders would pay, even though it had little reason to believe that date was correct.