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Support The return of organic wastes to the soil is a good solution to waste disposal problems only if the wastes are nontoxic and not too much energy is expended in transporting them. ██ ███████████ ███████ ████████ ███ ██████ ███ ████████ ███ ███ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ████████ ██ ████████████ █████ ██████ █████████ ███████ ██████ ██ ███ ████ ██ █ ████ ███ ███ ███████████ ███████ █████ ██ █████ █████ █████ ████████ █████████
Method of Reasoning
The argument starts by saying that for something (returning waste to soil) to have a certain characteristic (to be a good solution), it must have certain properties (nontoxic and energy-efficient). It then notes one instance of this thing that has these properties (returning waste to soil in small-scale farming), and concludes that this instance has the characteristic (returning waste to soil in small-scale farming is a good solution).
Identify and Describe Flaw
This is the cookie-cutter flaw of confusing necessary and sufficient conditions. The author assumes that because returning waste to soil in small-scale farming is nontoxic and energy-efficient, it’s a good solution. But according to the premises, “nontoxic and energy-efficient” are necessary, not sufficient. So just because this method is nontoxic and energy-efficient doesn’t necessarily mean that it’s a good solution.
22.
Which one of the following ████████ ██████ █████████ ████ ███████ ██ ███ ██████ █████████ █████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██████
a
Plants thrive if ████ ███ ██ █████████ ██ █████████ ██████ ███ ██████████ ██ ████████████ ██████ ███ ██ ███████ ███████████ ██ ███ ██████ █████ ██ ███ ████████████ ████████ ██████ ███ ██ ███████ ████ ███ █████ ███ █████
b
When every country ███ █████ ██████ ██ ████████ █████ ████ ██ ███ ████ ██ █████ ████ ████ █████████████ ██ ███████ ████ ███████ █ ███ ███ ████ ███████ ██ ████████ ███ ███ ██ ██████████ ███ █████████████ ██ ███████ ████ ████ ███ ███████ ███████ ██ █████ ████ ████
c
To be viable, █ ████████ ████ ████ ██ ██████ ███████████████ ██████████ ███ ██████████ ██ █ ██████ ███████ ████ ████ ███ █ ███████ ███████████ ███████ ███ ███ █████ ███████████ ██ ██ ██ ███████
d
Those competitors—and only ███████████ ████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ████████ ███ ████████ ███ ███ ██████ ████ ████ ██ █████ ██ █████ ██ ████ ██ ██ █████████ ███████ ███ ████ ██████ ███ █████ ███ ██ █████ ███ ███ █████ ███████████ █████████ ███ ████████████ ███ ████ ███ ███ █████████ ██ ███ ███ █████████
e
A meal is ██████████ ████ ██ ██ ████████ ████ █████████████ ███ ████████ ██████ ██ ███████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ ████ █ ███ ███ █████ ████ ████ ████ ██ ████ █ ███ ███ █████ ███ ███ ███████████