Self-study
P1
For nearly a century after the discovery in the 1880s that a bacterium, . ██████ █████████ ██████ ████████ ██████████ ████████ ████ ██ ████████ ██ ███ ██████████ ███████ ████ ███ █████ █████ ███ ████ █████████ █████████ ████████ ████ ███ ████████ ██████ ███████ ██████████████ ██ █████ ██████ ██ ████ ███ █████████████ █████ █████████ ███
Scientists' belief ·
Vibrio cholerae (VC), which causes cholara, travels only by human hosts
VC epidemics occur when bacteria spreads through human waste.
Puzzling phenomenon ·
VC pops up in places we thought it had been eliminated
And, where does it go in between epidemics?
P2
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Colwell's discovery ·
Found VC in Chesapeake Bay
Others were skeptical because they thought VC couldn't survive without a human host, and there were no cholera epidemics since 1911.
Colwell's hypothesis ·
VC can survive in seawater, and can't always be detected by traditional methods
Traditional methods involved growing bacteria in a petri dish. Perhaps we can't do this with VC.
Testing Colwell's hypothesis ·
New detection method finds VC in water
Used this method near New Orleans and in Asia. Method involves an antibody that produces light if VC is present.
P3
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Additional findings ·
VC can become dormant and stop reproducing
That's why it sometimes can't be cultured. In this dormant state, VC can survive away from humans. We don't know what awakens VC from a dormant state, but it might be changes in seawater temperature or salinity (saltiness).
Passage Style
Phenomenon-hypothesis (RC)
Single position
19.
Which one of the following ████ ██████████ █████████ ███ ████ ███████ ██ ███ █████ █████████ ██ ███ ████████
a
to identify future ██████████ ███ ████████ ██████ █ █████ ██ █████ ███ ████████ ███ █████████ ████ ███████████ ████ ████ ██ ████████
The last paragraph doesn’t describe any obstacles to further research. We’re not told anything about why further research might be difficult to conduct.
b
to answer a ████████ ██████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ███ ███████ ███ ████████ ████ █████ ████ ██ ███████ █████████
This best captures the purpose of the last paragraph. The author provides Colwell’s answer to the question of how V. cholerae could cause cholera around the world, even in places it had been thought eradicated. The answer is it can become dormant. The last paragraph also provides evidence (correlation between seawater temperatures and cholera cases) that raises further questions related to dormancy — what are the factors that can awaken V. cholerae from dormancy?
c
to evaluate the ██████ ██ ██████████ ███████████ █████████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ ██████ ██ ████ ██ ██████ ████████
The last paragraph doesn’t suggest anything about how Colwell’s detection method will impact future research.
d
to offer recommendations ██████████ ██████ ████ ██ ██ ██████████ ███████████ █████████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████
The last paragraph doesn’t recommend new uses for Colwell’s detection method.
e
to enumerate the ███████ ██ █ ██████████ ██████████ █████████ ██ ███ ████████ █████████ ███ ████████ ███ ██████ ██ ███████ █████████ █████████ ██
The last paragraph does describe the limits of current knowledge regarding dormancy. But dormancy isn’t described in the “previous paragraph.” In addition, if you think “biological phenomenon described in the previous paragraph” is supposed to match up with a different concept, then the second half of (E) would be inaccurate, because the last paragraph doesn’t describe the limits of current knowledge of anything else besides dormancy and what’s required to awaken V. cholera from dormancy.