forgive my ignorance, what is the LR loophole??

Same..

I did this intuitively. I would read it "if not, then" so "if not study, then won't pass". It was so much faster

for 1.4 and 1.5... If I'm understanding this correctly; only if means second place but only when really means "if" which puts it in first place?

5.1 to me seems more like 2 unsupported claims rather than an argument. You can’t know what someone else “knows”, that is an assumption. You claim that the kid knows it’s wrong but you don’t know that for sure.