what the heck

OMG the simpsons reference made me lol

If a large corporation makes it a point to discourage a research project, that doesn't automatically mean the research project's funding was severely curtailed. Maybe the government said "f*ck off" and ignored the large corporation's messaging. Maybe the government only took away a marginal amount of funds. On the other hand, if a research project's funding is severely curtailed, a large corporation HAS to be responsible; we know this because of the word "only."

Another rule of thumb: If "the" comes before "only," it's likely that the structure is Group 1 (sufficient → conditional.)

You're right; the sufficient condition is "zombies attack NYC." However, this is introduced by the word "when," which serves as a conditional indicator.

See response to DFSmitz

Think about it this way:

Spider-Man, whose powers include web-slinging and wall-climbing, is my favorite superhero.

Here, "whose" is a referential. We know that because we can easily split the sentence into two: Spider-Man's powers include web-slinging and wall-climbing. Spider-Man is my favorite superhero.

Alternatively,

The Avengers should recruit a hero whose powers include web-slinging and wall-climbing.

Now, "whose" is a modifier. It identifies a subset of heroes the Avengers should be looking for. Thus, we can't split this into two sentences, because it wouldn't make sense: The Avengers should recruit a hero. A hero's powers include web-slinging and wall-climbing.

Now let's try that with Question 7:

If something is necessary for human health, then it should be provided by an organization. An organization's primary purpose is the promotion of health.

Like the Avengers example, this doesn't make sense. The point of the original sentence was to identify a specific kind of organization that should be providing things necessary for human health. Here, it looks like we're just making a weird declarative statement on what an organization's purpose is. As a result, "whose" is a modifier in this case, not a referential.

I hope this makes sense!

No, "whose" is not a referential here. Remember that a referential stands in for a word, phrase, or idea. "Whose" is a modifier because it narrows down the types of organizations to a specific subset (i.e. those that prioritize the promotion of health.) It answers the question "What type of organization are we talking about here?"

Technically, the referent is "the fact that free trade allows firms to specialize." It can't be free trade alone because the modifier identifies a specific effect of free trade that leads to better productivity.

Agree with casti412 but if this is important to you, find sentences in your everyday life (social media, ads, books, newspapers, etc.) and identify referential words like which, this, or that. Then look for the paragraphs/sentences/concepts these words are referring to. As an English major who had to take exams on this subject, it becomes an automatic process after a while.

No, "who" functions as a modifier here. It answers the question "What kind of ogre?" This narrows us down to a specific subset of ogre depicted in the story (i.e. the one that became a corporate lawyer.)

If it were referential, "who" would stand-in for the referent, "ogre." If we split this into sentences, it'd sound something like this:

"My readers liked the book I recently published, which tells the story of an ogre. An ogre became a successful corporate lawyer."

See how this split doesn't make sense, both logically and grammatically? That's why "who" is not referential.

So glad I'm an English major (for once)

Tiger:

Not all superhero movies are blockbusters. After all, X-Men was a low-budget production and didn't do well at the box office.

Disney:

Any superhero from New York can join the Avengers. Those who know Iron Man are automatically added to the Avengers roster. All others have to beat the Hulk in a fight. Spider-Man is a superhero from New York. He is part of the Avengers but has never fought the Hulk. Therefore, Spider-Man must know Iron Man.

Trash Can:

There is a fist-shaped hole in the bathroom wall. Logan is sitting nearby, rubbing his knuckles and cursing loudly. My hypothesis is that Logan punched the wall.