C is the correct answer.

The question calls for an answer that describes how the author counters the objection.

Objection: Curtailing the school's three-month summer vacation would violate an established US tradition

Author responds by describing how the original policy came about (they were in rural areas where successful harvests depended on children's labor). If we are to follow the US tradition of determining the length of the school year, the author describes that it should be done "according to the needs of the economy", like how it previously was.

C describes the alternative understanding of the US tradition for the school year. It is not that the US chose 3 months for the sake of just tradition, but the quantity was rather determined by it's economic needs (harvests depended on children's labor)- which the author establishes should be used as a justified school year determinant.

B is the correct answer.

Question calls for an answer that allows the conclusion to follow.

"at least as many" = the same or more, but not less.

B says that Martown is within Seclee.

Since Martown is within Seclee, every Martown Tree is a Seclee tree. There could possibly be other trees within Seclee, not in Martown.

Analogy:

It can safely be concluded that there are at least as many trees in California as there are in LA.

B: California is the region within which LA is located.

The 5 trees in LA are also considered in the count of total California trees.

But there could be 5 trees in Anaheim, allowing for California to have more.

Therefore, California has at least as many (same or more, but not less) trees than LA.

Stimulus can be understood as below:

Deterioration can be slowed through use of anti-inflammatory drugs (AA)

Alzheimers-> cannot eliminate protein BA -> forms deposits

Microglia (immune cells) attacks deposits which also destroy healthy brain cells -> impairs cognitive functions

Conclusion:

Microglia (immune cells) is the cause of deterioration in Alzheimer’s.

B is correct because adding onto what we already know (that deterioration caused by microglia can be slowed through AA), if AA reduces the production of immune cells (aka microglia cells), then less of them will attack deposits which will lead to less destruction of healthy brain cells and ultimately less impairment of cognitive functions.

This supports the conclusion that microglia is the cause of deterioration because we are able to measure the change of deterioration through manipulation of the production of microglia with AA.

The stimulus only offers that AA can slow deterioration but doesn’t explain how. Answer choice B explains and streamlines the process, which thus further supports the conclusion.

A is incorrect because even if a deficiency in the brain’s immune system is the cause of a patient’s inability to eliminate BA, it does not support the overall conclusion that microglia is the cause of deterioration in Alzheimer’s.

B is the correct answer.

The stimulus can be simplified to:

A-> B

C <-s-> B

------------

C <-s-> A

Answer B:

Since all skyscrapers (A) are buildings (B).

Some buildings (B) are cabins (C).

-----------------------------

Some cabins (C) are skyscrapers (A).

*Remember, "some" conditionals can go on either side of the arrows.

A <-s-> B is the same as B <-s-> A.

A is the correct answer.

The question calls for an answer that describes the strategy used by the author.

The stimulus presents us with facts about exclusive items and how they are sold.

1. Exclusive items sell fast even though they are expensive.

2. Asking too low of a price when selling fast can make customers question the exclusivity of the item.

3. It is impossible to gauge in advance a price customers will accept.

Conclusion: Seller should list a higher asking price rather than lower.

A is correct because it describes the strategy used by the author. The author recommends listing the item on the higher end because it will not have the counterproductive feature (making customers question the exclusivity of the item) of the rejected alternative (listing a lower asking price).

The author recommends listing a higher asking price to avoid the consequence of a lower one.

D is the correct answer.

S's argument is built upon the premises that being able to fight and vote are equivalent actions so the government should allow 17 year olds the same right to vote.

T responds by saying that their argument would be true IF being able to fight and vote were the same kind of activity. T. goes on to distinguish the differences of fighting and voting.

D is the correct answer because T challenges S's premises (fight = vote) which support their conclusion.

D is the correct answer.

The questions calls for the flaw of the stimulus.

D is correct because the author concludes that seeing someone else yawn must be the most irresistible cause of yawning based on the opinions ("widespread...commonplace in many parts of the world in the past") in a matter that is largely factual (we can factually determine and measure if yawns are indeed triggered by seeing other people yawn).

popularity of belief is not the same as fact.

B is the correct answer.

The question calls for an answer that explains why children with middle ear infections are cured by antibiotics when antibiotics are known to have no effect on the virus.

B presents the idea that children infected with the virus are particularly affected by the bacteria within the middle ear. We know from the stimulus that antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial infections, so with this connection- it makes it possible that the ear infections are cleared up through the use of antibiotics. It does not claim that the virus itself is cured, which is in alignment with all the statements.

B explains that although the initial infection is viral, it makes children especially vulnerable to bacterial ear infections, which antibiotics can successfully treat.

D is the correct answer.

The question calls for an answer that would weaken the suggestion to have the subscription decisions determined by a journal's usefulness by measure of how frequent a journal is cited by the researchers.

D offers the idea that researchers' decisions to cite journals are externally affected (by how they think the journal is regarded by the leading researchers in the mainstream of the discipline) and thus would make the measure of citations skewed. Citations would not serve as an accurate representation of a journal's usefulness by this measure.

D is the correct answer.

The stimulus can be diagrammed as followed:

press -> profit-making

/profit making -> subsidy -> /honest journalism

D can be diagrammed as:

honest journalism -> profit making

-which is the contrapositive of the stimulus.

D is the correct answer.

stimulus diagram:

profit -> discount -> high sales -> mass taste OR exclusive access

The question provides that the bookstore does NOT care to mass tastes. Thus, we must conclude that:

profit -> discount -> high sales -> exclusive access

Answer choice D cannot be true because it claims that it does not have exclusive access but can sell at a profit. However, from the contrapositive of our diagram, we see that:

/exclusive access -> /high sales -> /discount -> /profit

It cannot be true that the bookstore is able to sell at a profit if it does not have exclusive access.

B is the correct answer.

The question calls for us to find the flaw of the argument.

Takes the occurrence of one particular influence on a pattern or class of events: "the only motives that influence all human actions arise from self-interest"

as showing that its influence outweighs any other influence on those events: "self-interest is the chief influence on human action".

Almost chose D, but realized that D claims that the influence would be the "only influence on that pattern", which is not what the author argues. The author only claims that it would be the most influential (chief). This helped me choose B.

E is the correct answer.

From the stimulus, we know that a flock of crows hunt for as far as 80 miles from their original roost. If they are to move, it is usually less than 5 miles away from their original roost. The question calls for an answer that would be incompatible with the given statements.

E states that when the crows move, it is due to a lack of resources and food. This is incompatible because if it was due to a lack of such, wouldn't they move further away than 5 miles since they usually hunt as far as 80 miles away from the original location? Moving to a new roost (only 5 miles away) would only expose them to an extra 5 miles of land for resources- which would not make sense.

A is the correct answer.

Socialized medicine is argued to be technologically superior than the private-sector due to:

1. more broadly accessible

2. countries with socialized medicine have lower infant mortality rate

The flaw here is that the author treats lower infant mortality rate as evidence of socialized medicine being technologically superior. However, this is not necessarily so. Lower infant mortality rate could be a result of other factors. This is a causation flaw.

A introduces an alternative reason for lower infant mortality rate by connecting it to the accessibility to medical care. Any other system with broad accessibility to medical care could be argued and connected to having lower infant mortality rate, thus exposing the flaw in the author's argument that it MUST be from socialized medicine's technological superiority.

It exposes the argument by attributing lower infant mortality rate to another characteristic of socialized medicine, which could be a shared characteristic of other systems and not necessarily from being technologically superior.

A- is the correct answer.

A strongly supports the entomologists' conclusion that the decline is attributable to the presence of the poisonous fungus by offering information about how a subset of the gypsy moth who are immune to the fungus have increased in the total gypsy moth population.

Imagine the total population of gypsy moths before the introduction of the fungus was 50. 25 were from strain A of gypsy moths, and 25 from strain B of gypsy moths.

After the introduction of the fungus, 5 moths from strain A survived, and 30 from strain B survived (due to its immunity and through reproduction). Although strain B has survived, the decline of the overall population (50 to 35) of gypsy moths can be contributed to the fungus due to the decline of strain A.

E- is the correct answer.

This resolves the discrepancy between the scientists' beliefs of the asteroid striking the Peninsula causing the extinction and also that the debris by the astroid could not have caused them to have loss of food sources or to freeze. E establishes that because of the contamination of the air by asteroid debris, the dinosaurs became extinct due to another reason caused by the asteroid.

D- is the correct answer.

A hypothesis is partially confirmed: "This fact provides some confirmation for the parasitic-connection hypothesis"

whenever a prediction derived from that hypothesis: "for an animal that did not dream to have an effective memory that animal would need extra memory space for parasitic connections"

provides an explanation for an otherwise unexplained set of facts: "the only mammal that does not have REM sleep...is the spiny anteater, which has ....relative to the anima;'s size"

yay.

@Elecoo i have not registered yet but am hoping to be ready by then ~

hello!

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