There's a way to get this question right from a high-level without the nuance of lawgic.
It's very apparent to see that what the stimulus is trying to describe is an ideal experiment (taught in prior lessons). Without care for what exactly the experiment will test (political structure and ecological/climatic factors), we can tell that the author is describing the need for control groups.
We know the purpose of ideal experiments is to rule out alternative explanations (through control groups, large sample sizes, avoiding self-selection bias, etc.). We know that this is all done ultimately in the pursuit of establishing a causal relationship, hence the correct answer (also given that you can see it is a conclusion).
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There's a way to get this question right from a high-level without the nuance of lawgic.
It's very apparent to see that what the stimulus is trying to describe is an ideal experiment (taught in prior lessons). Without care for what exactly the experiment will test (political structure and ecological/climatic factors), we can tell that the author is describing the need for control groups.
We know the purpose of ideal experiments is to rule out alternative explanations (through control groups, large sample sizes, avoiding self-selection bias, etc.). We know that this is all done ultimately in the pursuit of establishing a causal relationship, hence the correct answer (also given that you can see it is a conclusion).