Summarize Argument
The Psychologist concludes that thinking can occur without language. Why? Because infants with no knowledge of language can spot irregularities in pictures. To do this, the infants probably compare the picture with an internal representation of what is typical, and so a thought of what is typical must exist in the infants’ minds.
Identify Argument Part
The statement in the last sentence is a sub-conclusion used to support the Psychologist’s main conclusion.
A
It is a conclusion drawn and used in turn as a premise to support a more general conclusion.
The statement is a sub-conclusion used as support for the Psychologist’s general conclusion: thinking can occur without language.
B
It is attributed to certain researchers as the main conclusion of their reasoning.
The statement is not the Psychologist’s main conclusion.
C
It is the main point of the psychologist’s argument.
The statement is not the Psychologist’s main conclusion.
D
It is used to refute the claim that infants have no knowledge of language.
The claim that infants have no knowledge of language is never refuted.
E
It states the hypothesis to be explained by the psychologist’s argument.
The statement is not a hypothesis.
"Surprising" Phenomenon
Why have auto thefts dropped dramatically in cities where car owners have the antitheft device installed, even though only a small % of car owners in those cities have installed the device?
Objective
The correct answer should help explain how only a small proportion of cars being equipped with antitheft devices can still lead to a significant decrease in the car theft rate.
A
Car thieves will tend to be less cautious if they are unaware that a car they have stolen contains a homing beacon.
But there’s still only a small % of cars with the device. Car thieves might be less cautious if they don’t know about these devices, which might mean these thieves get caught, but how could this dramatically decrease overall theft rates?
B
Typically, the number of cars stolen in cities where the homing beacons are in use was below average before the device was used.
We’re trying to explain how theft rates could have decreased. Whether theft rates started below, at, or above the average theft rates for cities doesn’t explain how those rates could have declined dramatically.
C
Before the invention of the homing beacon, automobile thieves who stole cars containing antitheft devices were rarely apprehended.
Even if we interpret this answer as suggesting thieves today are more frequently apprehended, wouldn’t we expect only a small proportion of thieves to be caught, since the device is installed in only a small proportion of cars? How could this significantly decrease cars stolen?
D
A large proportion of stolen cars are stolen from people who do not live in the cities where they are stolen.
We know only a small % of cars have the device installed in the relevant cities. Whether thieves live in other cities doesn’t affect our expectation that a small % of cars with the device should have only a small impact on overall theft rate.
E
In most cities the majority of car thefts are committed by a few very experienced car thieves.
If only a few car thieves are responsible for a large portion of car thefts, catching only a few car thieves can lead to a dramatic decline in thefts. This is how the devices could decrease thefts significantly despite being in only a small % of cars.
Summarize Argument
The author concludes that cash gifts of gift cards are more highly valued by recipients than are gifts chosen for them by others. This is based on a study in which people were asked how much they would have been willing to pay for gifts chosen for them by others. People responded with amounts that were, on average, two-thirds the actual price of the gifts.
Notable Assumptions
The author assumes that the amount people state for how much they would have been willing to pay for a gift is an accurate measure of how much they value the gift.
A
The rate at which gifts are returned to retailers has been steadily increasing since the rate was first measured.
The increasing return rate has no clear impact on how much people value gifts chosen by others. If (A) does anything, it might support the idea that people prefer the cash equivalent of a gift over the gift.
B
Gifts of cash and gift cards currently represent only about 14 percent of all gift giving.
How often people give gifts of cash or gift cards has no clear impact on whether people value the cash equivalent more than a gift chosen by others. Perhaps people tend not to give cash or gift cards because it’s perceived as worse than giving someone else a gift?
C
People in the study would have been willing to pay more for gifts chosen for them by close friends and relatives than for gifts chosen for them by others.
This compares gifts chosen by close friends/relatives to gifts chosen by other kinds of people. But this comparison, which is between subsets of the “gifts chosen by others,” doesn’t affect the comparison between gifts chosen by others and cash/gift cards.
D
People are unwilling to sell gifts chosen for them by others unless offered about one and a half times the gift’s actual price.
This presents a competing method of determining how much people value a gift, which produces a conflicting result. If people are unwilling to sell a gift unless offered more than its actual price, that arguably suggests people value gifts more than the cash equivalent.
E
Most retailers require receipts before people can return gifts for refund or exchange.
Whether retailers require receipts has no clear impact on the comparison between gifts and cash/gift cards.