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passage 3
P1
Traditional theories of animal behavior assert that animal conflict within a species is highly ritualized and does not vary from contest to contest. ████ ████████████████ █████ ███████ ████ ██████████ ███ ██ ███ ████ ██████ ███ █████ ████████ ███ ██ ███████ ██ █████████ ████████ ███████ ██ ███████ ███████ ███ ██████████ ████ ████████ ███ ██████ ███████ ████ ███ █████████ █████████ ███
Other people's hypothesis ·
Species-specific model
Animal conflict is ritualized, consistent, and minimizes injury; conflict is mainly for show
Support hypothesis ·
E.g. of galápagos tortoises
Neck height contest is ritualized and just for show
P2
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Weaken hypothesis ·
E.g. of A. aperta spider
Conflict is not consistent and not just for show
Riechert's hypothesis ·
Evolutionary game theory is a better explanation of A. aperta behavior
Support: evolutionary game theory is able to account for variations in behavior
Background ·
on evolutionary game theory
Based on classical game theory; describes behavior in terms of average payoff of taking certain actions
Application ·
to spiders
Contrast ·
Evolutionary and classical game theory
Evolutionary game theory says behavior is driven by instinct and reproductive advantage, rather than rational thought and personal preferences
P3
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Elaborate on Richert's hypothesis ·
Variations in A. aperta behavior explained by several factors
Including features of individual opponent and surrounding habitat
Application ·
of Riechert's hypothesis
Escalated fighting more likely where habitat is scarce than where it is plentiful
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Phenomenon-hypothesis
16.
Which one of the following, ██ █████ ██ █████ ██████████ ████ ██████████ ██████ █████ ████████ ████████ ██ ████████
a
Spiders in the █████████ ███████ ██████ ██ █████████ ████████ ████ █ ████████ ████ ██ ██████ ██████████
b
Spiders in the ████████ ███████ ███ ███ ███████ ██ ██████ ██ █████████ ████████ ███ ██████████████████ ██████
c
Spiders in the ████████ ███████ ███████ █████ ████████ ██ ████████ ████ █████████ ████ ██ ███████ ██ ███ █████████ ████████
d
Spiders in the ████████ ███████ ███ ██ ███████ ██ ██████ ██ █████████ ████████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ ███ █████████ ████████
e
Spiders in the ████████ ███████ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ████████ ████ █████ ████ █ ██████ ████████ ██ ███████████ ████████ ████ ███ ███████ ██ ███ █████████ ████████