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passage 3
P1
Traditional theories of animal behavior assert that animal conflict within a species is highly ritualized and does not vary from contest to contest. ████ ████████████████ █████ ███████ ████ ██████████ ███ ██ ███ ████ ██████ ███ █████ ████████ ███ ██ ███████ ██ █████████ ████████ ███████ ██ ███████ ███████ ███ ██████████ ████ ████████ ███ ██████ ███████ ████ ███ █████████ █████████ ███
Other people's hypothesis ·
Species-specific model
Animal conflict is ritualized, consistent, and minimizes injury; conflict is mainly for show
Support hypothesis ·
E.g. of galápagos tortoises
Neck height contest is ritualized and just for show
P2
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Weaken hypothesis ·
E.g. of A. aperta spider
Conflict is not consistent and not just for show
Riechert's hypothesis ·
Evolutionary game theory is a better explanation of A. aperta behavior
Support: evolutionary game theory is able to account for variations in behavior
Background ·
on evolutionary game theory
Based on classical game theory; describes behavior in terms of average payoff of taking certain actions
Application ·
to spiders
Contrast ·
Evolutionary and classical game theory
Evolutionary game theory says behavior is driven by instinct and reproductive advantage, rather than rational thought and personal preferences
P3
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Elaborate on Richert's hypothesis ·
Variations in A. aperta behavior explained by several factors
Including features of individual opponent and surrounding habitat
Application ·
of Riechert's hypothesis
Escalated fighting more likely where habitat is scarce than where it is plentiful
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Phenomenon-hypothesis
17.
Which one of the following ████ ██████ ███ ████████ ██ ███ █████ █████████ ██ ███ ████████
a
It develops a ██████████ ██ ███ ███ ████████ ████ ████ ██████████ ██ ███ █████████ ██████████
b
It continues a ██████████ ██ █ █████████████ ██████ █████████ ██ ███ █████ ███ ██████████ ██ ███ ████████
c
It describes an ██████████ ████ ████████ ███████ ███ ███ ██████ █████████ ██ ███ █████████ ██████████
d
It describes a ████ ██████████ ████ ██████ ██ █████████ ███ ██ ███ ██████ █████████ ██ ███ █████ ██████████
e
It describes predictions ████ ███ ██ ████ ██ ████ ███ ████████ ██ █ ██████ █████████ ██ █ █████████ ██████████