Subscription pricing
passage 3
P1
Traditional theories of animal behavior assert that animal conflict within a species is highly ritualized and does not vary from contest to contest. ████ ████████████████ █████ ███████ ████ ██████████ ███ ██ ███ ████ ██████ ███ █████ ████████ ███ ██ ███████ ██ █████████ ████████ ███████ ██ ███████ ███████ ███ ██████████ ████ ████████ ███ ██████ ███████ ████ ███ █████████ █████████ ███
Other people's hypothesis ·
Species-specific model
Animal conflict is ritualized, consistent, and minimizes injury; conflict is mainly for show
Support hypothesis ·
E.g. of galápagos tortoises
Neck height contest is ritualized and just for show
P2
██ ███████████ ██ ███ ██████ ███████████ ███████ ████████ ████████ ████████ ██████ ███████ ████ ███████ ██ ████████ ██ █████████ ████████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ █████████ ██████ ███ ███████ ███ ███████ ███
Weaken hypothesis ·
E.g. of A. aperta spider
Conflict is not consistent and not just for show
Riechert's hypothesis ·
Evolutionary game theory is a better explanation of A. aperta behavior
Support: evolutionary game theory is able to account for variations in behavior
Background ·
on evolutionary game theory
Based on classical game theory; describes behavior in terms of average payoff of taking certain actions
Application ·
to spiders
Contrast ·
Evolutionary and classical game theory
Evolutionary game theory says behavior is driven by instinct and reproductive advantage, rather than rational thought and personal preferences
P3
██ ████████ ███████████ ██ ██ ██████ ██ █ █████████ ███████ ███ █ ████████ ████████ ████████ ████████ ████ ████ ███████ ██ ███ ████ ██ ███ ██████████ ███ █████████ ████ ██ █████████ ██ █ ████████ ███ ███ ███████████ ██ ███████ █ ██████████ ████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ ████ ████ ███ ██████ ███ ████████ ██ ███████ ██ ███████████ █████████ ██ █████████ ███ ████████ ████ ███ ████████ █████████ ██████ ██ ███████████ ███ ███ █████ ██ ███ ███ ████████ ████ ██████ ███ ████████ ███████████ ██ ██████ ██ █████████ █████████ ███
Elaborate on Richert's hypothesis ·
Variations in A. aperta behavior explained by several factors
Including features of individual opponent and surrounding habitat
Application ·
of Riechert's hypothesis
Escalated fighting more likely where habitat is scarce than where it is plentiful
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Phenomenon-hypothesis
18.
The passage suggests which one ██ ███ █████████ █████ ███ ████████ ██ ██ ██████ ██ ████████ ███████████
a
They exhibit variations ██ ████████ ████████ ████ ███████ ██ ███████ █████████ ███████ ██ ███ █████████ ██████ ██ ███████████ ███ ████████ █████ ██ █████████ █████████
b
They may confine █████ ████████ ████████ ██ ████████ ██ ███ █████ ██ █ ████████ ████████ ██ ███ ███ ███ ███ ████ ██ ████████ ██████ ██ ███ ██████
c
They exhibit variations ██ ████████ ████████ ████ ███ ███████ ██ █████ █████████ ██ ███████ ██ ████ █████ ███████ ██ ████████
d
They are more ██████ ██ ██████ ██ █████████ ████████ ██████ ████████ ████ ██ █████ █████ ████████ ████████ ██ ██████ ███ █████ █████████
e
They are more ███████ ██ ██████ ██ █████████ ████████ ██████ ████████ ██████████ ████ ███ ███████ ██ ████ █████ ███████ ██ ████████