Self-study
Conclusion Satellite navigation systems (satnavs) for cars, in which computer voices announce directions as you drive, save fuel and promote safety. ███████ ████ █████ ████ ████████ ██ █████ █████████████ ███████ █████ ███████ █████ ██ ████████ █ ███████ █████ █████ ███ ███████ ████ ███████ █████ █████ █████ █████ █████ ██████ ██████ ██ ████████ ████ ████ █████████ █████ ███ ███████ ███ ████ ███████ █████ ████ █████████ ██ ████ ████ ████ ███ ██████ █████ ████ ███ ███ ████ ██ █████ █████ █████
Summarize Argument
The author argues that satnavs save fuel and promote safety. The author supports this conclusion by referring to studies showing that, compared to drivers using paper maps, drivers using satnavs saved fuel because they took shorter routes, and were safer because they didn’t take their eyes off the road to look at a paper map.
Notable Assumptions
The author assumes that if drivers did not use satnavs, they would use paper maps. The author also assumes that there are no likely situations in which satnavs would cause more fuel consumption and/or impede safety.
8.
Which one of the following, ██ █████ ████ ███████████ ███ █████████
a
People who are █████ ████████ ██ █████ ██ █████ ████████████ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ███ ███████ ████ ██████ ███ ███ ██████ ████████ ██ █████ ██ █████ █████████████
Whether certain drivers do or don’t use satnavs is irrelevant to the argument, which only claims that satnavs reduce fuel use and promote safety if they are used.
b
The more fuel █ ███████ █████████ ███ ████ ██████████ █ ██████ ███ ██ ████ ███ ████████ █████ ██ ███ ██ ███ ████████████
A driver’s motivation to find the shortest route to a destination is irrelevant to the argument that satnavs reduce fuel use and promote safety.
c
Drivers who do ███ █████████ ████ ██ █████ ██ ██ ██████████ ████████ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ████ ███ █████ █████ █████████ █████ ██ ██████████
Whether some drivers plan out their routes carefully before driving is irrelevant to the study findings that the author uses to support the argument that satnavs generally save fuel and promote safety.
d
Drivers who own ███████ ███████ ██████ ██ █████ ██ █████ ██████████ ████████████ ██ █████ █████ █████████ ██████ ██████ ████ ██ █████████ ███ ██████████ █████ ██ ███ ████████
This actually weakens the argument by indicating that satnavs only reduce the length of drivers’ routes when driving to novel destinations, and therefore do not always save fuel.
e
Drivers who are █████ ██████████ ██ ██████ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ██████ ██████ ████████ ██ ████ █████ █████ ██████████
This supports the argument by showing an additional way in which satnavs promote safety, by giving directions as needed and therefore decreasing the likelihood of risky driving.