Passage A.
ββββ ββββββ ββββββββ ββ ββββββ ββ ββ βββββββββ βββ βββ βββ βββββ ββββ ββ β ββββ βββββββββ βββββββββ βββ ββββββ βββ ββββββ ββββββββ ββ βββββββ βββββββ ββββββββββ ββ ββββ βββββββββ ββββ ββ ββββ βββββββ ββ βββββββ βββ ββββββββ ββ βββββ ββββ βββββββββ ββ βββββββ ββ βββββ βββ ββββββ ββ βββββ βββββββββ ββββββββ ββββββ ββββ βββββ ββ ββββββββ βββ ββββ ββββββββ ββ ββ βββ ββββββ ββ βββββ ββββ βββ βββββ ββ βββββββββββββ βββββββββ ββββββ βββββββ ββββ ββ βββββ βββ βββββββ βββββββ ββββββββββ ββββ ββββββ ββββββββββ βββ ββββββββ ββ βββ βββ ββββ ββββββ βββ ββ ββββββ βββββββββββ βββββββ βββ βββββββ βββββββ
βββ ββββββ βββββββ ββ βββ ββββ βββ ββ βββββ βββββββββ ββββββββββββ βββ
ββββ ββββββ βββ ββββββββββββ ββ β βββββββββ ββββ βββββ ββββββ ββββββββ βββ ββββββββββ ββββββββ ββββ ββββ ββββ βββ βββββββ βββββββββ ββ βββββββββ βββββββββββββ βββ ββββββββ ββ βββ βββββββββ ββββββββββ ββ βββββββ ββββββββ βββββββββββββ βββββ ββββ βββ ββββββββββββ ββββββ ββββ βββββββββββ ββ βββββ βββ ββββββ βββββββ ββββ ββ ββ βββββββββ βββββββββββ ββ β ββββββββ βββββββ ββ βββββ
βββββββ β
ββββββββββ ββββ βββββββββ ββββββββββ βββββββ ββββ ββββββββββ βββββββββ ββββ ββ ββββββββββ ββββββββ βββ
βββ ββββ ββ ββ βββββ βββββββββ ββββββ ββββ ββ ββ ββββββββ ββββ ββ βββββ βββββββββ ββββ ββββββββββ βββββββββ ββββββββββ βββ ββββ ββ ββββββββββ βββββββββ ββββ βββ ββ βββ βββ ββββ ββββ βββββββββ βββββ ββββ ββββββ βββ βββββββββββ ββββββββββ βββ βββββββββ ββββββββ βββ βββββββ βββ ββ βββββββ ββββββββββ βββ ββ βββββββββ ββββββββββ ββββ ββββββββββ ββββββββββ ββββββ ββββ ββββββ ββββ βββββββββ βββ ββββ ββββ βββββ βββββ
βββββββββ βββββββ ββ βββ ββββ ββββββββ ββββββββ β ββββββ ββββ ββββ ββββ ββ βββββββββ ββ ββββββββ ββ ββ ββ βββββββββ ββ βββββββ β βββββ βββ ββ βββ βββββββ βββββββ βββ β βββ βββ ββ βββ βββββββββ ββββββββββββ βββ
Which one of the following, ββ ββ ββββ ββ ββββββ βββββ ββββ βββ ββββ βββββ ββ βββ βββββββββ ββββ ββ
Despite a vigorous βββββββββ βββββββββ ββββββββββ ββ β ββββββββ βββββββ ββββββββ ββββββ βββ ββββββ βββ ββββ βββββββββββββ βββββ ββββ βββββββββ
This doesnβt mention civic engagement at all, so it canβt affect author Aβs claim that participation in arts and cultural events increases civic engagement.
As a result ββ ββββββββββ ββ βββββββ βββββββ βββ βββ ββββ ββββ βββ ββββ βββββββ ββββββ βββββββββββββ ββ βββββ ββββββββββ ββββββ βββ ββββββββ ββ ββββ βββββββββββββββ
This doesnβt mention civic engagement at all, so it canβt affect author Aβs claim that participation in arts and cultural events increases civic engagement.
A recent study βββββββ βββββ ββ ββββββββ ββ ββββ ββββββββββββ βββββββββββββ ββ βββ ββββ ββ βββββββ ββββββββββββ ββ βββ βββββββ ββββββ βββββββ ββ ββββ ββββββ ββββββββ
This doesnβt mention arts participation or civic engagement at all, so it canβt affect author Aβs claim that participation in arts and cultural events increases civic engagement.
A survey of βββββββ βββββ ββββββββββββββ βββββ β ββββββββ βββββββββββ βββββββ ββββββββββ ββ βββββββββ ββββββ βββββββββββββ βββ βββββββββββ ββ βββββ βββββββ ββββββββββ
This supports author Aβs claim that participation in arts and cultural events increases civic engagement. We need an answer choice that undermines her claim.
In the ten-year ββββββ βββββ βββ ββββββββββ ββ β ββββββββββ ββββ ββββββββ βββββ βββββ βββββββ βββββ ββ βββββββ ββββββββ ββββββββββββββ ββββ βββ ββββββββ
This undermines the claim that arts participation increases civic engagement by showing that a publicly funded arts program had no effect on at least one area of civic engagementβ voter turnout. We have to assume that the tax-funded arts program actually increased arts participation in the municipalities, but (E) still casts the most doubt on author Aβs claim.