To measure a small boat hull accurately, it is necessary to level the hull so that a baseline can be established. ████ ████ ███ ███████ █████████████ ██████ ███ ██ ████ ███████ █ ████████ ████ ██████ █ █████ ███████ ████ ██████████ ██████████ █ █████ █████████████ █████ ████ ██████ ██ ██████ ███ ██████████ ██ ███ ████ ███████████ ████ ██ ███ ███████████ ████████ ███ ███ ██████████ █████████ ██████ ███████ ██ ████ ████ ████ ███ ████ ████ ███ ███████ ███ ████ ██████ ████████████ █ █████████
The stimulus can be diagrammed as follows:
If you can measure a the hull of a small boat accurately, then you used a line level.
If the statements above are █████ ████ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ████ ████ ██ █████
The scientists did ███ ██████████ ███████ ███ ██████ ██████████ ███████ ████ ███ ██ ██████████ █████████ ██████
Could be false. We only know that the scientists weren’t sure they had leveled the hull; we don’t know definitively that they did not do so. Also, we do not have enough information to guarantee the causal claim that (A) makes.
The scientists accurately ██████████ ███ ██████ ███████████ ████████ ████ ████ ███████ ███ █████
Could be false. (B) can be represented as “level the hull→ measure accurately,” which reverses the sufficient and necessary conditions given in the sitmulus.
If the scientists ███ ███ ██████████ █████████ ███ ██████ ███████████ ██ ███ ███████ ████ ███ ███ ████ █ ████ ██████
Could be false. (C) makes a causal claim that we cannot justify from the information in the stimulus.
The scientists were ████ ██ ██████████ ██████ ███ ██████ ██████████ ████ ██ ████ ████ █ ████ ██████
Must be true. We know that using a line tool is a necessary condition of measuring accurately.
If the scientists ███ ████████ ███ ██████ ██████████ ███████████ ████ ██ █████ ███ ██ ████ █████ ████ ███ ██████████ █████████ ██████
Could be false. Experience with measuring hulls isn’t a necessary condition of measuring accurately.
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