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Columnist: Support Consent forms filled out by subjects prior to their participation in tests of experimental medicines designed to treat the diseases from which they are suffering show that almost all subjects accept the risk of receiving ineffective substances. ████ █████ █████ ██ ███ █████ ████ ██ ████ ███████ █████████ ████ ████ ████ ████████ ██████ █████ █████ ████████ ███ ███████ ██ ███████ ████ ██ ███ ████ █████████ ██ ██████ █████ █████ █████████ ████ ████ ███ ██ ██ ███████████ ███ ████ █████ ████████
Summarize Argument: Counter-Position
The columnist concludes by questioning the claim from medical ethicists that many test subjects resent being given placebos or ineffective substances. As support, the columnist cites the consent forms filled out by subjects prior to tests, which show that almost all subjects accept the risk of being given ineffective substances.
Identify and Describe Flaw
Accepting the risk of a certain result is not the same thing as being okay with that result (or not resenting that result). It could be the case that subjects consent to the risk of being given an ineffective substance, even though they would resent that result, and they just hope that the result that they would resent doesn’t come to pass.
25.
The reasoning in the columnist's ████████ ██ ████ ██████████ ██ █████████ ██ ███ ███████ ████ ███ ████████
a
infers that two █████████ ███ ██████████ ██████ ████ ███ █████ ████ █████ ███ ████ █████████ ██ █████ ████ █████████ ███ ███████
b
uses as evidence ███ ████████ ██ ██████ ███ ███ ████████ ██ ██ █████████ ██ ████ ████████ █████████ █████ ███ ██████████ █████ ██ ████████
c
uses evidence drawn ████ █ ██████ ████ ██ ██████ ██ ██ ████████████████
d
takes for granted ████ ████ ████ ████████ ██ ███ ██████ █████ █████████ ██████ ███ ██████ ██ ██████ ███████████ ██████████ ████ ███ ██████████ ████ ████ ████ ███ ██ ██ ███████████
e
draws a conclusion ████ ██ ███████████ █████ █ █████ █████ ██ █████████ ██ ████████ ████ ██ ██████ ███████