I feel like there may need to be more instruction on how to deal with creating / understanding abstract rules.

#help

For question #2, how am I suppose to figure out that the words "tends to" before the causal verb "produce" do not change the assertion that there is a casual relationship? Because the question before has tends to be in it. Am I suppose to assume that most of the time, a casual verb indicated a casual relationship?

@_seb this may seem a bit sticky but my way of seeing it is that any words that are prefaced by a preposition word (like in, on, of, with, by, etc.) are going to be modifiers and not a part of the core sentence. Hope that helps!