Answers (A), (B), and (D) would have been better (I dare say right) if they said something like:
Parents should encourage children to do something only if it doesn't make unhappy.
Parents should encourage children to do only those things that don't lead them to develop a sense of resentment.
Answers (A), (B), and (D) would have been better (I dare say right) if they said something like:
Parents should encourage children to do something only if it doesn't make unhappy.
Parents should encourage children to do only those things that don't lead them to develop a sense of resentment.
Summarize Argument: Phenomenon-Hypothesis
The author hypothesizes that lycopene reduces the risk of stroke. This is based on a study of 1,000 middle-aged people over a 12 year period, which found that participants with low levels of lycopene were more likely to have a stroke than participants higher levels of lycopene.
Notable Assumptions
The author assumes there’s no other explanation for the correlation between lycopene and reduced risk of stroke.
A
Most fruits and vegetables that are rich in lycopene also contain high levels of several other nutrients that are thought likely to reduce the risk of stroke.
This suggests a potential alternate explanation for the correlation observed in the study. Maybe what reduced risk of stroke was not higher levels of lycopene, but other nutrients found in fruits/veggies that contain lycopene.
B
Countries in which people consume substantial quantities of lycopene-rich fruits and vegetables generally have lower rates of stroke than other countries.
This strengthens the argument by providing evidence that shows the correlation observed in the study is found more broadly, too.
C
Middle-aged people typically have lower lycopene levels than young adults.
This doesn’t have any impact, since we don’t know whether middle-aged people are more or less likely to have strokes than young adults. Even if we did, this might strengthen, because middle-aged people probably have more strokes.
D
Study participants with high levels of lycopene consumed, on average, twice the quantity of fruits and vegetables as those with low levels of lycopene.
This might explain how the participants with high levels of lycopene got their high levels of lycopene. But it doesn’t suggest there are alternate explanations for the lower risk of stroke.
E
There was wide variation in lycopene levels among study participants.
We know there was a correlation between higher lycopene and lower risk of stroke. This doesn’t mean everyone had similar levels of lycopene. So, (E) is consistent with the author’s reasoning.
Summarize Argument: Counter-Position
The critic believes that the recent trend to humanize vampires in entertainment is unfortunate. The critic acknowledges that the overall trend in entertainment toward moral complexity is generally a good thing, but asserts that the vampire myth should remain a powerful representation of evil because evil exists in the world.
Identify Argument Part
This claim qualifies how broadly the conclusion should be applied.
A
It states a principle used to support the conclusion of the argument.
This is not descriptively accurate. The conclusion opposes humanizing vampires.
B
It places limits on how broadly the conclusion of the argument should be generalized.
The critic acknowledges that moral complexity is generally good. However, he limits this general trend by supporting the conclusion that the humanization of vampires is unfortunate.
C
It justifies the need for the argument’s being given.
This is not descriptively accurate. The statement is not a premise, so it does not justify anything. There is also no “need” for the argument being given
D
It provides a hypothesis that is rejected in the conclusion of the argument.
The statement is not a hypothesis that is rejected. The statement is acknowledged and concedes some limitations.
E
It is the conclusion of the argument.
This is not the conclusion of the argument. It does not receive support.