Summarize Argument: Counter-Position
Chimpanzees do not necessarily have human-like language because, contrary to popular belief, humans did not evolve directly from chimpanzees. Instead, both species evolved from a common ancestor. As a result, the development of language in humans could have occurred after the extinction of this common ancestor, which means chimpanzees would not have developed the same language as humans.
Identify Conclusion
Chimpanzees may not have a human-like language.
A
Humans did not evolve from chimpanzees, but rather from some extinct species.
This statement is a premise that counters the misconception that humans evolved from chimpanzees. It supports the author’s argument that because humans and chimpanzees did not evolve directly from one another, chimpanzees do not necessarily have human-like language.
B
The assumption that something like human language must exist in some species from which humans evolved has no clearcut linguistic implications for chimpanzees.
This correctly states the conclusion: people assume that species from which humans evolved have human-like language, but this assumption doesn’t apply to chimpanzees since humans didn’t evolve from them. Thus, this assumption doesn’t tell us anything about chimpanzees’ language.
C
The communicative systems of chimpanzees are cruder than human language.
The stimulus does not make this claim. The anthropologist argues that chimpanzees do not necessarily have human-like language but doesn’t describe their language or compare it to human language. Since this claim is not made, it cannot be the main conclusion.
D
Human language is a by-product of human intelligence, which chimpanzees lack.
The stimulus doesn’t make this claim. The anthropologist argues that chimpanzees don’t necessarily have human-like language because humans didn’t evolve from chimpanzees, not because chimpanzees lack human intelligence. As this claim isn’t made, it can’t be the main conclusion.
E
The evolution of human language began after the disappearance of an extinct species from which both humans and chimpanzees evolved.
The stimulus does not make this claim. The anthropologist suggests that human language might have developed after the extinction of a common ancestor but does not assert this as a certainty. Additionally, this idea is part of the argument’s premise, not its main conclusion.
Jolene: I disagree. Although some shrimp farms have proved unsustainable and have been quickly abandoned, properly built shrimp farms take a long time to construct and are costly to operate. Most owners try to make sure that their farms are productive for many years.
Speaker 1 Summary
Alex claims that shrimp farming results in environmental damage because investors make quick profits and then abandon the farms.
Speaker 2 Summary
Jolene disagrees with Alex's reasoning, arguing that although some farms have been unsustainable and abandoned, properly built shrimp farms are expensive, take a long time to construct, and are intended to be productive for many years.
Objective
Disagree: Alex and Jolene disagree over whether Shrimp farming often results in quick profits and quickly abandoning the farms.
A
most owners of shrimp farms eventually abandon their farms
Alex would likely agree. He believes investors make quick profits and leave. Jolene does not have an opinion on this. Although she says most owners “try to make sure” their farms are productive for many years, there is not enough information to know her opinion of this statement.
B
shrimp farming often yields a quick, easy profit
Alex agrees with this when he argues that investors make quick profits before abandoning the farms. Jolene disagrees when she acknowledges that properly built shrimp farms are costly and take a long time to operate. She specifies that “most owners” try to be productive.
C
shrimp farming hardly ever damages the environment
Alex clearly disagrees with this, and it is too strong for Jolene to have an opinion on. Jolene never specifies whether she thinks shrimp farming “hardly” damages the environment.
D
abandonment of a shrimp farm results in damage to the environment
Alex likely agrees with this statement. However, Jolene does not mention the negative impact of abandoning shrimp farms. If anything, she may agree (but that would not make this answer right)
E
some shrimp farmers are environmentally irresponsible
Alex would likely agree with this. Jolene does not mention anything about the environment and whether shrimp farmers are irresponsible.