Can someone explain 11.1 and 12.1? Also why is there an object missing on some but not for others?

For example, in 14.2 should rescued be the object? and in 13.3 the object is there, is there a difference? why is it underlined in 13.3 and not 14.2?

Can someone explain 5.5? to me the major premise seems like the man conclusion because it is also supported by it. Am I looking at it/ reading it wrong?

The second sentence of the context makes a claim. "the penalty impoesd on the companyy will probably have little if any effect on its behavior." How do we make the distinction between this being the authors claim or context. I was stuck between C and D and eventually chose D because the premises supported it more than C but this still tripped me up.

4/5 with hardest difficulty! Granted it took me about thirty minutes lol my head hurts.

In an argument, is there a such thing as a semi conclusion? in 3.2 there first sentence can be seen as a conclusion. "Quality suffers when a company diversifies its product line too much. By trying to cater to too many different markets, the company may not excel in any of them. Consequently, if the company wants to achieve success, it should focus on one specific market."

The next sentence is a premise to the first sentence, and I under stand that both of the first sentences are premises to the conclusion once it comes in but could the first sentence be a semi conclusion? Or only a premise?

When we say identify an alt. hypo, is this us creating it in our head? Or reading between the lines of the question and finding an alt. hypo. That's implied by the question?