Can 5 also be translated to K <-some-> /Chil? We know its most, but this encapsulates "some" as well, right? Or are we to focus on taking the Lawgic as far as it can go, and that being the singular answer?
I'm going to argue that Question 4 cannot be translated to most. There is no supporting information in the text that states that inspections are every Monday. Inspections could be conducted "usually on a Monday" each month or each Quarter or each year... It's ambiguous. So, given the context, or lack there of, I'd say that usually translates to some.
@ZoomorphicValidGoal I disagree with this. In this claim, I understood "usually" as "most of the time". Whether it happens every month, quarter, or year is irrelevant unless it's stated in the claim.
@ZoomorphicValidGoal none of that rules out "most", we are only talking about the inspections. If we say they are "usually" on Monday, that means it takes place on Monday more than the other days as a whole.
Its "Monday" vs "all other days of the week as one", this means that it usually happens on Monday over any other day.
Most does not imply the inspections are every Monday, it means that when an inspection is done it tends to be on a Monday instead of any other day.
@JasmineMinhas You don’t have to use any kind of diagramming symbols for these. What’s most important is that you understand the meanings of “some” “most” and “all”.
Some = at least 1
Most = over half
All = 100%
Anything else that’s important will flow out of an accurate understanding of these words.
Hi all, I made another flashcard set. This time for memorizing Quantifiers. Flashcards are what really helped me in undergrad and so I decided to make them to companion my 7sage studies. Thought I'd share to help others who would benefit :) made a folder that I will most likely add more sets to as I go. Much Love and happy studying! https://quizlet.com/user/ehoffmanwallace/folders/lsat-7sage-flashcards
For question 3, since we could translate many to some.. can many also be reversibly read such as in question 1? So if it's turtles swim across Pacific -many-> return to hatching beach. Can it also be many turtles who return to their hatching beach swim across the Pacfic? That doesn't sound right to me..
@Laylay I don't think this switch works. The root of the entire sentence (without any modifiers) is "turtles swim."
The given sentence "Many turtles swim across the Pacific to return to their hatching beach" gives no information about anything else that swims across the Pacific to return to their hatching beach (i.e., non-turtles), nor does it give information about what else the turtles could be doing when they swim across the Pacific (maybe there are some turtles who swim across the pacific not to return to their hatching beach, but for some other reason).
The rearranging you did to the sentence "Many turtles who return to their hatching beach swim across the Pacific" changes the meaning of the entire sentence, because you've put another modifier on the turtles (turtles who return to their hatching beach). Now, we're focusing on an entirely different subset of turtles.
"Turtles swim." That's all they do! My method is always to just strip away all the modifiers that I can until I need to use them again. I hope this helps!
For question 5, I'm confused as to why Fewer than half doesn't imply some of the kittens adopted yesterday went to homes with children. I understand why most is not true, but I'd think fewer than half also translates to some.
“Some cafes in the city serve hand poured single origin coffee.”
“Some” quantifies over the subject set “cafes in the city.” It pushes “some” members in that set over to the predicate set “serve hand poured single origin coffee.” city ← S → hpsoc hpsoc ← S → city The “some” arrow is reversibly read. (A ← S → B) ← → (B ← S → A) That means if it’s true that some cafes in the city serve hpso coffee, then it’s true that some cafes that serve hpso coffee are in the city.
“Most gold mines that supply unprocessed ore to Casterly Rock are running low on gold deposits.”
“Most” quantifies over the subject set “gold mines that supply unprocessed ore to Casterly Rock.” It pushes “most” members in that set over to the predicate set “are running low on gold deposits.” Gold Mines Supply CR -- m → Low on Gold Deposit “most” are not reversible!
“Many turtles swim across the Pacific to return to their hatching beach.”
“Many” quantifies over the subject set “turtles.” It pushes “many” members in that set over to the predicate set “swim across the Pacific to return to their hatching beach.”
If you want, you could translate “many” to “some.” I just want to make sure that you don’t mistakenly think that “many” turtles swim across…means that “most” turtles swim across because that's not true.
“Prof. Sprout’s Mandrake inspections are usually conducted on Mondays.”
The quantifier here is “usually.” We’re talking instances of Prof. Sprout inspecting her Mandrakes. “Usually” says that “most” of those instances are “Mondays.” Mandrake Inspection - - m → Monday Does this mean that on most Mondays, Prof. Sprout inspects her Mandrakes? No. Absolutely not. For all we know, she only inspects her Mandrakes ten times a year. Eight of those ten inspections are on Mondays. There are more than fifty Mondays in any given year. Be careful not to read ( A - - m → B) as ( B - - m → A)
“Fewer than half of the kittens adopted yesterday went to homes with children”
“Fewer than half” means “most not.” Fewer than half of the apples are rotten means that more than half of the apples are not rotten. The quantification is over the subject set - “kittens adopted yesterday” - and the “not” gets pushed onto the predicate set - “[not] went to home with children.” [ Kitten - - m → /Home -children ]
I know we can infer that when we use the quantifier many, it implies some. But we can not infer the opposite. If some dogs are pets, we can't infer that many dogs are pets can we?
Can we breakdown 5 more in depth? I understand what the video is stating but I took the word "Fewer" and used that as an indicator for my Lawgic, like this:
1/2 adopted kittens <--S--> went to homes with children
I am interpreting this as some of the 1/2 of the kittens went to home with children. While I understand that the contrapositive doesn't correlate with the video, I do need a little more guidence as to why my answer is not accurate.
@dinikobates It looks like you're interpreting this as saying at least some of the adopted kittens when to homes with children.
But think about this like you're a robot -- what is "fewer than half"? What's half? 50%. What's "fewer than half"? Any proportion lower than 50%. That includes 0. 0 is fewer than half. So we can't translate the statement in a way that guarantees at least some of the kittens went to homes with children. "Fewer than half" means anywhere from 0 to 49% of the kittens adopted yesterday went to homes with children.
@FultonHoover In 141.2.21, we take the contrapositive of an "all" claim, not a most. The "all" connects to the most, but there's no contrapositive of a most.
@nycxchi fewer than half would not be in the 1% to 100% range, it would be from 49% to 0% range. So some would not work since it would imply more than the range given by "fewer than half"
Lawgic feels very unnecessary for these. If that works for you, and thats what you need to do, go for it. But if you are understanding all of these quantifiers without them, then I think you can skip them. Most ( ;) )of us probably can.
@monmon "Many" means a lot, but doesn't necessary mean over half. "I study many days each year." That doesn't mean I study over 50% of the days in a year.
But "usually" does mean over 50%. "On Fridays, I usually leave early from work." That means that on over 50% of Fridays, I leave early from work. It wouldn't make sense if I left work early on Friday less than 50% of the time -- in what sense can I say "usually" if it's not the thing that happens most of the time?
(It might be that informally we sometimes use "usually" in a way that doesn't mean over 50%. That might be why it sounds confusing to you.)
For number 5, I said kittens adopted ←s→ homes with children. Is that the same as kitten —m→ /home-children? On the module for "Few" it said Few meant "some are" and "most are not". x←s→y. and x—m→ /y
Referencing #5, is it safe to assume if "than half" or a phrase representing half is used, then we'll use most in some way? I know it might not always be this way, but just trying to get this straight in my head.
@AdrianF314 we don't have a lawgic symbol for few is the thing. So you can say it, but still have to write "kittens yest. -m-> /children home" to translate it into Lawgic.
@AdrianF314 No, since "few" means some but not most. "some" is at least one and "most" is more than half. Whereas, "fewer than half" may mean zero/none.
@Reiii23 I think that the interpretation of "some" is technically correct, I just think for this question "most not" is the best way to interpret it. I also put what you had. Like in the lesson on Few it said it could be either, but the "most not" was the "key inference"
@Reiii23 "few" and "fewer than half" are two different things. "Few" means some but not most. "Some" means at least one and "most" means more than half. "fewer than half" may mean none/zero which is not the same as "some".
It's safer to infer "few" as "not most" than it is to infer "few" as "some".
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208 comments
For question 5. I understood by fewer than half as maybe 49%.
So it cannot be some or many because the can include all depending on the contest.
So Few than half gives us a lowe than 50% range maybe?
Can 5 also be translated to K <-some-> /Chil? We know its most, but this encapsulates "some" as well, right? Or are we to focus on taking the Lawgic as far as it can go, and that being the singular answer?
That's implied by the statement. But it doesn't capture the full meaning of "fewer than half."
@Kevin_Lin Got it, so with Lawgic we want to push it to be as specific as possible.
I'm going to argue that Question 4 cannot be translated to most. There is no supporting information in the text that states that inspections are every Monday. Inspections could be conducted "usually on a Monday" each month or each Quarter or each year... It's ambiguous. So, given the context, or lack there of, I'd say that usually translates to some.
@ZoomorphicValidGoal I disagree with this. In this claim, I understood "usually" as "most of the time". Whether it happens every month, quarter, or year is irrelevant unless it's stated in the claim.
@ZoomorphicValidGoal none of that rules out "most", we are only talking about the inspections. If we say they are "usually" on Monday, that means it takes place on Monday more than the other days as a whole.
Its "Monday" vs "all other days of the week as one", this means that it usually happens on Monday over any other day.
Most does not imply the inspections are every Monday, it means that when an inspection is done it tends to be on a Monday instead of any other day.
Does this help?
I am having a hard time intuitively using the lawgic symbols for these quantifiers. can anyone help with this?
@JasmineMinhas You don’t have to use any kind of diagramming symbols for these. What’s most important is that you understand the meanings of “some” “most” and “all”.
Some = at least 1
Most = over half
All = 100%
Anything else that’s important will flow out of an accurate understanding of these words.
@Kevin_Lin Thank you!
Hi all, I made another flashcard set. This time for memorizing Quantifiers. Flashcards are what really helped me in undergrad and so I decided to make them to companion my 7sage studies. Thought I'd share to help others who would benefit :) made a folder that I will most likely add more sets to as I go. Much Love and happy studying! https://quizlet.com/user/ehoffmanwallace/folders/lsat-7sage-flashcards
@Elideebeep you're an icon for this, thank you!
@JasmineMinhas hahahaha thanks so much! Happy to share
Hi,
Does (fewer) also includes none or 0?
@katia:) According to the video, yes.
@Catpop thank you
For question 3, since we could translate many to some.. can many also be reversibly read such as in question 1? So if it's turtles swim across Pacific -many-> return to hatching beach. Can it also be many turtles who return to their hatching beach swim across the Pacfic? That doesn't sound right to me..
@Laylay I don't think this switch works. The root of the entire sentence (without any modifiers) is "turtles swim."
The given sentence "Many turtles swim across the Pacific to return to their hatching beach" gives no information about anything else that swims across the Pacific to return to their hatching beach (i.e., non-turtles), nor does it give information about what else the turtles could be doing when they swim across the Pacific (maybe there are some turtles who swim across the pacific not to return to their hatching beach, but for some other reason).
The rearranging you did to the sentence "Many turtles who return to their hatching beach swim across the Pacific" changes the meaning of the entire sentence, because you've put another modifier on the turtles (turtles who return to their hatching beach). Now, we're focusing on an entirely different subset of turtles.
"Turtles swim." That's all they do! My method is always to just strip away all the modifiers that I can until I need to use them again. I hope this helps!
For question 5, I'm confused as to why Fewer than half doesn't imply some of the kittens adopted yesterday went to homes with children. I understand why most is not true, but I'd think fewer than half also translates to some.
@NikhitaMinas 0 kittens =< half of kittens therefore some is not a sure thing
@danjames Thank you! Visually seeing that equation somehow instantly made sense!
“Some cafes in the city serve hand poured single origin coffee.”
“Some” quantifies over the subject set “cafes in the city.” It pushes “some” members in that set over to the predicate set “serve hand poured single origin coffee.” city ← S → hpsoc hpsoc ← S → city The “some” arrow is reversibly read. (A ← S → B) ← → (B ← S → A) That means if it’s true that some cafes in the city serve hpso coffee, then it’s true that some cafes that serve hpso coffee are in the city.
“Most gold mines that supply unprocessed ore to Casterly Rock are running low on gold deposits.”
“Most” quantifies over the subject set “gold mines that supply unprocessed ore to Casterly Rock.” It pushes “most” members in that set over to the predicate set “are running low on gold deposits.” Gold Mines Supply CR -- m → Low on Gold Deposit “most” are not reversible!
“Many turtles swim across the Pacific to return to their hatching beach.”
“Many” quantifies over the subject set “turtles.” It pushes “many” members in that set over to the predicate set “swim across the Pacific to return to their hatching beach.”
If you want, you could translate “many” to “some.” I just want to make sure that you don’t mistakenly think that “many” turtles swim across…means that “most” turtles swim across because that's not true.
“Prof. Sprout’s Mandrake inspections are usually conducted on Mondays.”
The quantifier here is “usually.” We’re talking instances of Prof. Sprout inspecting her Mandrakes. “Usually” says that “most” of those instances are “Mondays.” Mandrake Inspection - - m → Monday Does this mean that on most Mondays, Prof. Sprout inspects her Mandrakes? No. Absolutely not. For all we know, she only inspects her Mandrakes ten times a year. Eight of those ten inspections are on Mondays. There are more than fifty Mondays in any given year. Be careful not to read ( A - - m → B) as ( B - - m → A)
“Fewer than half of the kittens adopted yesterday went to homes with children”
“Fewer than half” means “most not.” Fewer than half of the apples are rotten means that more than half of the apples are not rotten. The quantification is over the subject set - “kittens adopted yesterday” - and the “not” gets pushed onto the predicate set - “[not] went to home with children.” [ Kitten - - m → /Home -children ]
I know we can infer that when we use the quantifier many, it implies some. But we can not infer the opposite. If some dogs are pets, we can't infer that many dogs are pets can we?
Can we breakdown 5 more in depth? I understand what the video is stating but I took the word "Fewer" and used that as an indicator for my Lawgic, like this:
1/2 adopted kittens <--S--> went to homes with children
I am interpreting this as some of the 1/2 of the kittens went to home with children. While I understand that the contrapositive doesn't correlate with the video, I do need a little more guidence as to why my answer is not accurate.
@dinikobates It looks like you're interpreting this as saying at least some of the adopted kittens when to homes with children.
But think about this like you're a robot -- what is "fewer than half"? What's half? 50%. What's "fewer than half"? Any proportion lower than 50%. That includes 0. 0 is fewer than half. So we can't translate the statement in a way that guarantees at least some of the kittens went to homes with children. "Fewer than half" means anywhere from 0 to 49% of the kittens adopted yesterday went to homes with children.
@Kevin_Lin Got it! Thank you very much.
I feel like the instructions for this exercise weren't clear at all. I understand what I'm reading, but like, what am I supposed to do here?
Yay! I correctly answered all of these! I'm so glad I understood this.
kitten —m→ /home-children
This seems like yet another claim you can take the contrapositive of to infer:
home-childern --s--> /kitten
Much the same for:
PrepTest 141 - Section 2 - Question 21
@FultonHoover In 141.2.21, we take the contrapositive of an "all" claim, not a most. The "all" connects to the most, but there's no contrapositive of a most.
A -most-> B
All NotC is NotB. (Contrapositive is All B is C.)
Thus, A -most-> C.
@Kevin_Lin, thank you! That makes more sense.
For my kitten example above, why exactly can't we take the contrapositive of a most claim?
Is it because, in that example, nothing has to go to home with children?
Why is "fewer than half" not expressed as "some"? Is there a more percise way of expressing it?
@OwenTrela because "some" ranges between 1% to 100%. it encapsulates "all" which would be an incorrect translation
@yam but fewer than half is in that 1% to 100% range, right? so why wouldn't we be able to use some
@nycxchi fewer than half would not be in the 1% to 100% range, it would be from 49% to 0% range. So some would not work since it would imply more than the range given by "fewer than half"
Lawgic feels very unnecessary for these. If that works for you, and thats what you need to do, go for it. But if you are understanding all of these quantifiers without them, then I think you can skip them. Most ( ;) )of us probably can.
I absolutely love all the Game of Thrones references!!
whoah whoah whoah. Why are we okay to assume “Usually” = “Most”? Especially after drilling into us that “Many” absolutely does not equal “Most”?
Prof. Sprout's Mandrake inspections are usually conducted on Mondays.
I read “Usually” as “Many times” or “Sometimes” because I don’t see how we can infer that this inspection is happening 51% of Mondays.
Sprout <-s-> Monday
So if today is Monday, there is a chance that Sprout’s class is happening. And if Sprout’s class is happening, today is probably Monday.
I’m really not clear on Usually becoming Most.
@monmon "Many" means a lot, but doesn't necessary mean over half. "I study many days each year." That doesn't mean I study over 50% of the days in a year.
But "usually" does mean over 50%. "On Fridays, I usually leave early from work." That means that on over 50% of Fridays, I leave early from work. It wouldn't make sense if I left work early on Friday less than 50% of the time -- in what sense can I say "usually" if it's not the thing that happens most of the time?
(It might be that informally we sometimes use "usually" in a way that doesn't mean over 50%. That might be why it sounds confusing to you.)
@Kevin_Lin huh! Yeah fair enough — thanks for taking the time!
Not that hard. Wasn't sure about usually but other than that, I got it
For number 5, I said kittens adopted ←s→ homes with children. Is that the same as kitten —m→ /home-children? On the module for "Few" it said Few meant "some are" and "most are not". x←s→y. and x—m→ /y
@Chavi625 i did the same!
it's entirely possible
"Usually" got me !!
Referencing #5, is it safe to assume if "than half" or a phrase representing half is used, then we'll use most in some way? I know it might not always be this way, but just trying to get this straight in my head.
For #5 couldn't we also say "few" since in the lessons we know "few" translates to "some but not most"?
@AdrianF314 we don't have a lawgic symbol for few is the thing. So you can say it, but still have to write "kittens yest. -m-> /children home" to translate it into Lawgic.
@AdrianF314 No, since "few" means some but not most. "some" is at least one and "most" is more than half. Whereas, "fewer than half" may mean zero/none.
For question 5, wouldn't
"kittens <-s-> homes with children" also work?
I get now how it's kitten -m-> /home children but I thought that "few" can also mean some because it is less than half.
@Reiii23 Few doesn't necessarily mean some because some has a lower boundary of 1, but can also go up to most, or even all.
@Reiii23 I think that the interpretation of "some" is technically correct, I just think for this question "most not" is the best way to interpret it. I also put what you had. Like in the lesson on Few it said it could be either, but the "most not" was the "key inference"
@Reiii23 "few" and "fewer than half" are two different things. "Few" means some but not most. "Some" means at least one and "most" means more than half. "fewer than half" may mean none/zero which is not the same as "some".
It's safer to infer "few" as "not most" than it is to infer "few" as "some".