to make sure, if the argument used the contrapositive, it would be valid.

if it wasn't labeled then people didn't get upset.

why couldn't that be one of the possible fears? I understood that as one's.

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Doesn’t the contra positive for (most people who have not received such training cannot.) mean that Anna was trained. #HELP PLEASE.

My thought was. The argument is /t‑m→/rl. Therefore rl‑m→t.

I am confused please help!

What about the quantifier for every and any? We Can transulate the contra positive correct?

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Is there any available examples on or but not both? To my understanding this means that it can only be one sided so how is it bilateral? An explanation would kindly be very appreciated

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if I didn't understand what irrigation means, how can I translate it, since another sentence uses it with a different meaning that could be understood as"switched"?

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I might be overthinking this. I like c but when you're saying less mph→ less → less. aren't you shifting the arrow ←?

to clarify, does only one of the conditions need to be satisfied or does either? so could it be economic success only or protecting individual liberty only to have overall success or are they tied together?

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do you have any tips on breaking this down into understandable language? I couldn't translate half of the paragraph or the answers

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I chose e because I thought, due to other countries providing cheaper prices, other countries are manufacturing and buying from them instead of that country, leading to less international trade. I can see the other side of that should also result in us buying from them and therefore the intention trade is still the same.

For question 3.1, why is the sentence “But this is not a sustainable, long term solution” not a major premise/ sub conclusion?

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Does this sentence “Given enough time and resources, the polluted Paul River might be purified.” Contain another premise and conclusion?

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during the test how are you supposed to be aware of such situations

"In other words, could mere knowledge that you're receiving treatment cause you to experience therapeutic benefits? If the answer is "no," then knowledge has no causal power and hence it doesn't matter that we failed to control for it. But, as it turns out, the answer is "yes." Mere knowledge that you're receiving treatment can, in some circumstances, cause you to experience therapeutic effects."

what if I am not aware of the placebo effect?

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